1. ELEMENTS AND THE PERIODIC TABLE

2. Agenda I. Organizing the Elements II. Metals III. Nonmetals
IV. Where Elements Come From

3. I. ORGANIZING THE ELEMENTS

4. A) THE FIRST PERIODIC TABLE

5. 1) MENDELEEV MADE UP CARDS WITH EACH ELEMENT
a) DENSITY
b) ATOMIC MASS
c) COLOR
d) MELTING POINT
e) BONDING POWER

6. 2) MENDELEEV ARRANGED THE ATOMS BY INCREASING MASS
a) NOTICED A PATTERN IN BONDING POWER
b) BROKE OFF AT REPEATING BONDING POWERS
c) OBSERVED PATTERN IN COLUMNS
d) ADJUSTED A COUPLE TO MAKE COLUMN PATTERNS CONSISTENT

7. 3) MENDELEEV PREDICTED “MISSING” ELEMENTS
a) ADJUSTING FOR PATTERN CAUSED THREE “HOLES” IN TABLE
b) MENDELEEV PREDICTED ELEMENTS TO FIT IN “HOLES”
c) BASED ON PATTERN, PREDICTED PROPERTIES OF THOSE ELEMENTS

8. d) WITHIN 16 YEARS THESE ELEMENTS WERE DISCOVERED
SCANDIUM
GALLIUM
GERMANIUM

9. B) THE MODERN PERIODIC TABLE
IN THE EARLY 1900’S THE STRUCTURE OF THE ATOMS WAS FURTHER DEFINED

10. 1) ATOMS HAVE THREE PARTICLES
a) PROTONS - IN THE NUCLEUS, + CHARGE
b) NEUTRONS - IN THE NUCLEUS, 0 CHARGE
c) ELECTRONS - OUTSIDE THE NUCLEUS, - CHARGE

11. 2) EACH ELEMENT HAS A DIFFERENT NUMBER OF PROTONS; THE NUMBER OF PROTONS IS CALLED THE ATOMIC NUMBER

12. THE PERIODIC TABLE WAS REARRANGED SLIGHTLY SO THAT IT IS NOW IN ORDER OF INCREASING ATOMIC NUMBER INSTEAD OF INCREASING ATOMIC MASS

14. C) THE USE OF THE PERIODIC TABLE
EACH SQUARE CONTAINS:
ATOMIC NUMBER
CHEMICAL SYMBOL
NAME
ATOMIC MASS

15. 1) ORGANIZATION OF THE TABLE
AN ELEMENT’S PROPERTIES CAN BE PREDICTED FROM ITS LOCATION IN THE PERIODIC TABLE

16. a) GROUPS VERTICAL COLUMNS ARE CALLED GROUPS OR FAMILIES
ELEMENTS IN THE SAME FAMILY HAVE SIMILAR CHARACTERISTICS

17. b) PERIODS HORIZONTAL ROWS ARE CALLED PERIODS
ELEMENTS ACROSS A ROW VARY GREATLY IN THEIR PROPERTIES

18. 2) WHY THE PERIODIC TABLE WORKS
THE PERIODIC TABLE ALLOWS US TO PREDICT AN ELEMENT’S CHEMICAL BEHAVIOR

19. a) BONDING POWER
RECALL THAT MENDELEEV ORGANIZED HIS TABLE BY REPEATING BONDING POWERS; HE DID NOT KNOW ABOUT ELECTRONS

20. b) VALENCE ELECTRONS
1) THE ELECTRONS THAT GOVERN CHEMICAL BONDING ARE CALLED VALENCE ELECTRONS
2) THESE ELECTRONS ARE SHARED OR TRANSFERRED IN CHEMICAL REACTIONS
3) ELEMENTS IN THE SAME GROUP HAVE THE SAME NUMBER OF VALENCE ELECTRONS, THEY INCREASE FROM LEFT TO RIGHT

21. 1 8 2 3 4 5 6 7

22. II METALS

23. A) PROPERTIES OF METALS

24. 1) PHYSICAL PROPERTIES a) HARDNESS b) SHININESS c) MALLEABILITY
d) DUCTILITY
e) CONDUCTIVITY
MAGNETIC

25. 2) CHEMICAL PROPERTIES
SOME METALS ARE VERY REACTIVE (Na, K) OTHERS ARE NOT VERY (Au, Cr)
REACTIVE METALS TEND TO BE TO THE LEFT ON THE PERIODIC TABLE

26. B) FAMILIES OF METALS

27. 1) ALKALI METALS a) GROUP 1 b) VERY REACTIVE
c) NEVER FOUND ALONE IN NATURE
d) ONE VALENCE ELECTRON

28. 2) ALKALINE EARTH METALS
a) GROUP 2
b) REACTIVE
c) NEVER FOUND ALONE IN NATURE
d) TWO VALENCE ELECTRONS

29. 3) TRANSITION METALS - GROUPS 3-12
a) HARD AND SHINY
b) VERY SIMILAR TO EACH OTHER
c) TEND TO REACT, BUT NOT VERY RAPIDLY
d) GOOD CONDUCTERS OF ELECTRICITY

30. 4) METALS IN MIXED GROUPS
METALS IN GROUPS ARE IN FAMILIES WHICH CONTAIN A MIX OF METALS, NONMETALS, AND METALLOIDS. THEY ARE NOT VERY REACTIVE

31. 5) LANTHANIDES AND ACTINIDES
a) FOUND IN PERIODS 6 AND 7, BETWEEN THE ALKALINE EARTH METALS AND THE TRANSITION METALS
b) VERY SIMILAR TO EACH OTHER
c) ONLY Th AND U ARE FOUND IN ANY ABUNDANCE
d) USED IN ALLOYS

32. III NONMETALS AND METALLOIDS
NONMETALS ARE SEPARATED FROM METALS WITH A BOLD ZIG-ZAG LINE. METALLOIDS ARE THOSE ELEMENTS WHICH HAVE A SIDE TOUCHING THE ZIG-ZAG LINE

33. A) PROPERTIES OF NONMETALS

34. 1) PHYSICAL PROPERTIES a) DULL b) BRITTLE c) NOT MALLEABLE
d) NOT DUCTILE
e) POOR CONDUCTORS

35. 2) CHEMICAL PROPERTIES a) READILY FORM COMPOUNDS (EXCEPT GROUP 18)
b) EITHER GAIN OR SHARE ELECTRONS TO FORM COMPOUNDS
1) WHEN NONMETALS JOIN TO METALS, ELECTRON(S) MOVE FROM THE METAL TO THE NONMETAL
2) WHEN TWO NONMETALS JOIN, THEY SHARE ELECTRONS
3) WHEN TWO NONMETALS OF THE SAME TYPE JOIN, THEY ARE CALLED A DIATOMIC MOLECULE

36. B) FAMILIES OF NONMETALS

37. 1) THE CARBON FAMILY- GROUP 14, 4 VALENCE ELECTRONS, CARBON IS THE MAIN ELEMENT OF LIFE

38. 2) THE NITROGEN FAMILY -GROUP 15, 5 VALENCE ELECTRONS, NITROGEN IS THE PRIMARY COMPONENT IN AIR, NECESSARY FOR LIVING THINGS

39. 3) THE OXYGEN FAMILY - GROUP 16, 6 VALENCE ELECTRONS, OXYGEN IS EXTREMELY REACTIVE

40. 4) THE HALOGEN FAMILY - GROUP 17, 7 VALENCE ELECTRONS, VERY REACTIVE, FORM SALTS

41. 5) THE NOBLE GASES - GROUP 18, DON’T INTERACT WITH OTHERS, FULL SHELL OF ELECTRONS

42. 6) HYDROGEN - TOO DIFFERENT TO BE IN ANY FAMILY, BUT HAS ONE VALENCE ELECTRON

43. C) THE METALLOIDS
ON THE BORDER BETWEEN METALS AND NONMETALS ARE SEVEN METALLOIDS. VARYING ABILITY TO CONDUCT ELECTRICITY - SEMICONDUCTORS (Si AND Ge)

44. IV WHERE THE ELEMENTS COME FROM

45. A) ATOMIC NUCLEI COLLIDE
1) PLASMA - NUCLEI STRIPPED OF ELECTRONS (HIGH SPEED)
2) NUCLEAR FUSION - COMBINING OF NUCLEI (ENERGY RELEASE)

46. B) ELEMENTS FROM THE SUN
HYDROGEN ATOMS COMBINE TO MAKE HELIUM, ETC.
ELEMENTS UP TO IRON CAN BE MADE THIS WAY IN A STAR

47. C) ELEMENTS FROM LARGE STARS
ELEMENTS HEAVIER THAN IRON REQUIRE MASSIVE AMOUNTS OF ENERGY. THIS ENERGY OCCURS WITH THE SUPERNOVA EXPLOSION