1. ORGANELLES
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2. PROKARYOTES VS. EUKARYOTES
Prokaryotes lack membrane-bound organelles (nucleus, ER, mitochondria, chloroplasts, etc.); bacteria
Eukaryotes have membrane-bound organelles
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4. NUCLEUS Usually located in the cell’s center
Surrounded by a nuclear membrane (or envelope) with small pores
Contains chromosomes made of DNA
Genetic control over the cell
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6. MITOCHONDRIA Located throughout cytoplasm
Two membranes – an outer, smooth membrane and an inner, folded one
Contains DNA
Site of cellular respiration (energy in glucose converted into ATP)
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8. CHLOROPLASTS Typically found in plant and algal cells
Surrounded by two membranes and a complex series of inner membranes organized in stacks
Contain chlorophyll
Contains DNA
Site of photosynthesis (energy from the sun converts CO2 and H2O into sugar)
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11. LYSOSOMES Membrane-bound organelles filled with digestive enzymes
Break down food and worn out organelles
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13. VACUOLES
Membrane-bound storage compartments (for food, water, waste, salts, proteins, etc.)
Plant cells usually have a large, central water vacuole
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15. RIBOSOMES Very small organelles composed of rRNA and protein
Found on the surface of the ER or free in the cytoplasm
Site of protein synthesis
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17. ENDOPLASMIC RETICULA (ER)
Network of membranous tubes throughout the cytoplasm
Transports materials (usually protein)
Rough ER has ribosomes; smooth ER doesn’t have ribosomes
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19. GOLGI (apparatus, complex or body)
Made of curved, stacked membranes
Modifies, collects, packages, and distributes molecules (usually protein) within the cell or out of the cell
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22. CILIA
Short, hair-like projections that extend through the cell membrane to the outside of the cell
Usually function in locomotion
Found in large numbers and relatively short
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24. FLAGELLA
Long, whip-like projections that extend through the cell membrane out of the cell
Function in cell locomotion
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26. CELL (PLASMA) MEMBRANE
Composed of two layers of lipids and protein
Encloses the cell
Regulates the passage of materials between the cell and its environment
Protects and supports the cell
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27. NUCLEAR MEMBRANE (NUCLEAR ENVELOPE)
Surrounds the nucleus
Regulates passage of materials between the nucleus and the cytoplasm
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29. CELL WALL
Located outside the cell membrane in some cells (for ex. plants and fungi)
Plant cells walls are composed of cellulose
Provides protection and support
Allows for specific substances to pass in and out of the cell
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31. CYTOPLASM
Semi-fluid material found between all organelles outside the nucleus
Functions in movement of large cellular particles and cell locomotion
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33. HIERARCHY OF MULTICELLULAR ORGANIZATION
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34. CELLS
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35. TISSUES
Groups of similar cells that work together to perform a specialized function SUCH AS: Muscle Tissue Nervous Tissue
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37. ORGANS
Different types of tissues that function together SUCH AS: Stomach Kidneys
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39. ORGAN SYSTEM
Two or more organs working in a coordinated way SUCH AS: Digestive System Cardiovascular System
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