1. Science Starter
List some properties that you already know about acids and bases.

2. Introduction to Acids and Bases
Arbor Prep Chemistry

3. Properties of Acids
“Any compound that increases the concentration of hydronium ions in water is said to be an acid.”
Sour
Blue litmus paper turns red.
Low pH values (<7)
Reacts with…
Metals such as Zn and Mg to produce H2(g)
Hydroxide bases to produce water and a salt.
Carbonates to produce carbon dioxide.

4. Properties of Bases
“Any compound that increases the concentration of hydroxide ions in water is said to be a base.
Bitter/caustic tasting
Slippery/soapy feeling
Red litmus paper turns blue.
Has the ability to neutralize acids.
High pH values (>7)

5. Arrhenius Acids and Bases
Arrhenius Acids and Bases are the most basic definitions of acids and bases. They are commonly accepted.
An Arrhenius Acid is a chemical compounds that increases the concentration of hydrogen ions in water. (H+)
An Arrhenius Base is a chemical compounds that increases the concentration of hydroxide ions in water. (OH-)

7. Lewis Definition UNIVERSAL Definition since everything has electrons.
Lewis Acids are electron pair acceptors.
Lewis Bases are electron pair donors.

8. Acid/Base Pairs Acid base reactions produce new acids and bases.
The new ones are called “conjugates”
Acids lose protons to become conjugate bases.
Bases gain protons to become conjugate acids.
Identify the acids, bases, and the pairs.

9. Every Acid Has a Conjugate Base. (Just like every rose has it’s thorn

10. Identify the Acid/Base Pairs
HC2H3O2(aq) + H2O(l)  C2H3O2–(aq) + H3O+(aq)
OH –(aq) + HCO3–(aq)  CO32–(aq) + H2O(l)

11. (image provided by NASA)
Sulfuric Acid
Highest volume production of any chemical in the U.S.
Used in the production of paper
Used in production of fertilizers
Used in petroleum refining
Thick clouds of sulfuric acid are a feature of the atmosphere of Venus.
(image provided by NASA)

12. Nitric Acid Used in the production of fertilizers
Used in the production of explosives
Nitric acid is a volatile acid – its reactive components evaporate easily
Stains proteins (including skin!)

13. Hydrochloric Acid Used in the pickling of steel
Used to purify magnesium from sea water
Part of gastric juice, it aids in the digestion of protein
Sold commercially as “Muriatic acid”

14. Phosphoric Acid A flavoring agent in sodas
Used in the manufacture of detergents
Used in the manufacture of fertilizers
Not a common laboratory reagent

15. Acetic Acid Used in the manufacture of plastics
Used in making pharmaceuticals
Acetic acid is the acid present in vinegar

16. Acids are Proton Donors
Monoprotic acids
HCl
HC2H3O2
HNO3
Triprotic acids
H3PO4
Diprotic acids
H2SO4
H2CO3

17. Electrolytes ELECTROLYTES CONDUCT ELECTRICITY!!!
Electrolytes are ionic compounds in solution.
They can be classified as either strong or weak(good conductors of electricity or poor).
Strong Electrolytes
Ionize/dissociate 100%.
Strong acids/bases
Most ionic salts
Strong Electrolytes
Ionize/dissociate < 100%.
Insoluble Salts
ELECTROLYTES CONDUCT ELECTRICITY!!!

18. Acids You Should Know Strong Acids Weak Acids Sulfuric acid, H2SO4
Phosphoric acid, H3PO4
Hydrochloric acid, HCl
Acetic acid, HC2H3O2
Nitric acid, HNO3

19. Electrolytes and Ionization
Whenever a neutral atom or compound becomes charged is called “ionization.”
A common example is the hydronium ion. When an acid is added to water. The neutral water becomes a charged particle.
A hydronium ion is sometimes represented as H+ or H3O+.

20. Strong Acids vs. Weak Acids
Strong acids are assumed to be 100% ionized in solution (good proton donors).
HCl
H2SO4
HNO3

21. Strong Acids vs. Weak Acids
Weak acids are usually less than 5% ionized in solution (poor proton donors).
H3PO4
HC2H3O2
Organic acids

22. Acids React With…
Acids react with active metals to form salts and hydrogen gas.
Mg + 2HCl  MgCl2 + H2(g)
Zn + 2HCl  ZnCl2 + H2(g)
Mg + H2SO4  MgSO4 + H2(g)

23. Acids React with Carbonates
2HC2H3O2 + Na2CO3
2 NaC2H3O2 + H2O + CO2

24. Effects of Acid Rain on Marble (Calcium Carbonate)
George Washington:
BEFORE
George Washington:
AFTER

25. Acids Neutralize Bases
Neutralization reactions ALWAYS produce a salt and water.
HCl + NaOH  NaCl + H2O
H2SO4 + 2NaOH  Na2SO4 + 2H2O
2HNO3 + Mg(OH)2  Mg(NO3)2 + 2H2O

26. Bases Neutralize Acids
Milk of Magnesia contains magnesium hydroxide, Mg(OH)2, which neutralizes stomach acid, HCl.
2 HCl + Mg(OH)2
MgCl2 + 2 H2O

27. STAMP IT!!!