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The High Middle Ages (ca )

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Presentation on theme: "The High Middle Ages (ca )"— Presentation transcript:

1 The High Middle Ages (ca. 900-1200)

2 The High Middle Ages How can we view the Middle Ages as a time of progress and innovation?

3 Economy and Society The Social Orders Oratores Bellatores
Laboratores (SERFS)

4 Economy and Society Personal Dependency Lords and Vassals
VASSALS served lords Lords provided land Lords and peasants Peasants worked, paid dues Status was hereditary Lords provided necessities Reeve, and serfs at work

5 Economy and Society Agricultural Innovations Three-field system
Iron plowshare Horses Results Better standard of living Population doubled

6 Economy and Society

7 Economy and Society The Guilds Formed by urban merchants and artisans
Nature of guilds *Economic: standards for products, additional regulations Also social, spiritual Guild hierarchy: masters, journeymen, apprentices

8 Economy and Society Engaging in the Economy CREDIT Loans USURY

9 Economy and Society

10 Economy and Society Medieval Trade Routes

11 Economy and Society Trade in the Far East
Mongol Empire encouraged trade Marco Polo ( ) Venetian merchant Present at court of Kublai Khan The Description of the World (ca. 1298) Court of Kubilai Khan

12 Economy and Society Questions?

13 The Emerging Western States
England (9th-10th cents.) Small kingdoms Viking occupation KING ALFRED THE GREAT (r ) Raised army (878), defeated Vikings First king of all English King Alfred the Great

14 The Emerging Western States
Bronze statue of King Alfred the Great Winchester, United Kingdom

15 The Emerging Western States
The Norman Conquest Edward the Confessor (r ) died Two heirs: Harold of Wessex, William of Normandy William invaded England, defeated Harold at BATTLE OF HASTINGS (1066) The Bayeux Tapestry (ca )

16 The Emerging Western States
William the Conqueror (r ) First Norman king of England Distributed lands among family, Norman barons “Domesday Book” (1086): census, inventory

17 The Emerging Western States

18 The Emerging Western States
Magna Carta (1215) Origins: King John’s conflict with France The document Defined rights, obligations of nobility King John forced to sign Major point: king is not above law!

19 The Emerging Western States
Magna Carta on display at Boston Museum of Fine Arts (2014)

20 The Emerging Western States

21 The Emerging Western States
Holy Roman Empire Many principalities Princes governed independent states Figurehead emperors Decentralized monarchy

22 The Emerging Western States
Christian Iberia Muslim power weakened Christian princes seized opportunity RECONQUISTA Christian reconquest of Islamic Iberia Result: Christian Iberian states emerging

23 The Emerging Western States
Questions?

24 The Church and Christianity

25 The Church and Christianity
The “Papal Monarchy” Supreme authority of Latin Church Claimed authority over secular rulers, Greek Church Papal States The Curia Papal Court, Rome COLLEGE OF CARDINALS Papal Tiara (“Triregnum”)

26 The Church and Christianity
The Great Schism (1054) Eastern and Western Churches at odds Papal supremacy asserted at Constantinople (1054) Greek and Latin Churches excommunicated each other

27 The Church and Christianity
The Investiture Conflict ( ) Pope Gregory VII prohibited lay investiture Emperor Henry IV defied him Gregory’s response Excommunicated Henry, deprived him of office! Released HRE from allegiance to emperor! Henry submitted

28 The Church and Christianity
Pope Innocent III (r ) Lawyer-pope Most powerful pope ever Clash with King John Over new archbishop of Canterbury Innocent excommunicated John John submitted to pope Innocent III

29 The Church and Christianity

30 The Church and Christianity
The Crusades Origins: Turkish threat to Byzantine Empire Pope called for recapture of Holy Land (1095) First Crusade ( ) Force of 60,000 “Pilgrimage”  salvation as reward! Victory  Crusader States established Siege of Antioch

31 The Church and Christianity
Other Crusades Because Christians lost ground in Holy Land Third Crusade ( ) Saladin captured Jerusalem (1187) Another crusade  failure Crusades over by 1300 Saladin

32 The Church and Christianity
The Franciscans Founder: Francis of Assisi (ca ) Son of cloth merchant Conversion experience  poverty Franciscans (1215) Poverty Preached penance, served outcasts Francis of Assisi

33 The Church and Christianity
Robe of Francis of Asissi, Basilica di S. Francesco, Assisi

34 The Church and Christianity
The Dominicans Founder: Dominic Guzman ( ) Disillusioned Spanish missionary Stressed preaching as seen in gospels Dominicans (1216) Preaching on foot Intellectual order

35 The Church and Christianity
Medieval Heresy Many heretical groups The Church’s response Preaching Medieval Inquisition (1231) Guide heretics to recantation, penance Variety of penalties

36 The Church and Christianity
The Sacraments Seven Essential to salvation! Performed by clergy alone TRANSUBSTANTIAT-ION Corpus Christi Procession

37 The Church and Christianity
Questions?

38 Culture and Society The University Organization of master and students
Specialization Students given clerical status

39 Culture and Society

40 Culture and Society Classroom Setting Lectures Books very expensive!
Master dominated Students’ role: commit it all to memory!

41 Culture and Society Scholasticism
Used Aristotelian logic to explain knowledge Faith, reason are harmonious! THOMAS AQUINAS ( ) Dominican Summa Theologica

42 Culture and Society Vernacular Literature
Latin: language of Church, academia VERNACULAR Emerging literature Chanson de Roland (12th cent.) La divina commedia ( ) Beowulf (ca. 1000) Dante Alighieri

43 Culture and Society Opening section of Beowulf
“HWÆT, WE GAR-DEna in geardagum, þeodcyninga þrym gefrunon, hu ða æþelingas ellen fremedon! oft Scyld Scefing sceaþena þreatum, monegum mægþum meodosetla ofteah, egsode eorlas, syððanærest wearðfeasceaft funden; he þæs frofre gebad, weox under wolcnum weorð myndum þah, oð þæt him æghwylc ymbsittendra ofer hronrade hyran scolde, gomban gyldan; þæt wæs god cyning!”

44 Culture and Society Romanesque Architecture Massive stone churches
Sculpture on exterior Round arches “Leaning Tower,” Pisa ( )

45 St. Sernin de Toulouse (1070-1120), France
Culture and Society St. Sernin de Toulouse ( ), France Exterior

46 Culture and Society St. Sernin de Toulouse, Interior

47 Culture and Society Gothic Architecture Pointed arches
Stained-glass windows Flying buttresses Chartres Cathedral ( ), France

48 Culture and Society Chartres Cathedral Stained-Glass Window, Interior

49 Culture and Society Women during the High Middle Ages
Rulers were mostly male Women excluded from universities Guilds run by men Significant roles for women? Noblewomen Convents

50 Culture and Society Female Rulers Women were lords, vassals
ELEANOR OF AQUITAINE ( ) French landowner Wife, mother of kings Patroness of troubadours Eleanor of Aquitaine

51 Eleanor of Aquitaine in Robin Hood (2010)
Culture and Society Eleanor of Aquitaine in Robin Hood (2010)

52 Culture and Society Women and the Church Only role: convent
Clare of Assisi ( ) Loyal disciple of Francis Formed Order of Sisters of St. Francis (1212) Sisters worked alongside friars, but later cloistered Clare of Assisi

53 Culture and Society Questions?

54 The High Middle Ages How can we view the Middle Ages as a time of progress and innovation?

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