1. The Holy Roman Empire and the Church
Unit 2 Section 5
Essential Standards: How do religions influence political power and create cultural unity in European Regions?
I can: identify how all religions are similar. I can trace & give examples of how beliefs influence actions.

2. Question of the Day 10
In the Middle Ages, European monarchs claimed to rule by “divine right”. What purpose was served by this claim?
1)It enabled the separation of church and state.
2) It enabled rulers to seize church lands.
3) It demonstrated that religion was stronger than political power.
4) It strengthened the monarch′s authority to rule.

3. The Feud B/w Pope and Emperor
Conflicts—b/w monarchs & the Church.
1054 Henry IV king of Germany vs. Pope Gregory VII
The Holy Roman emperors appointed Church officials--lay investiture.
1076 Gregory VII excommunicates Henry IV.
1122, treaty Concordat of Worms: Church could appt. bishops, emperor right to invest them w/ fiefs.
Death of Charlemagne--Holy Roman Empire dissolved several separate states.
936 Duke Otto I of Saxony -title King of Germany crowned Roman emperor.
Struggle was the appointment of Church officials.
Gregory VII, tried to end lay investiture, saw it as outside interference from secular rulers.

4. The Struggle for Italy The Height of Church Power
Fredrik I (Barbarossa or “Red Beard”) married his son Henry to Constance heirsess of Sicily.
Emperors in Italy, German nobles grew independent.
The Height of Church Power
Pope Innocent III claimed supremacy over all other rulers.
Tools
Excommunication & interdict to punish monarchs who challenged his power.
1100s and 1200s, German emperors & popes will struggle for power.
Control of Italy.
Result, Germany no unity for another 600 years.
Popes asked the French to help overthrow German emperors.
Power struggles in Italy and Sicily led to 200 years of chaos in that region.

5. The Crusaders and the Wider World
Essential Standards: How do religions influence political power and create cultural unity in European Regions?
I can: identify how all religions are similar. I can trace & give examples of how beliefs influence actions.

6. CAUSES EFFECTS Religious hatred grows. Trade increases.
Turks invade Palestine & attack Christian pilgrims.
Crusaders --religious zeal & desire to win wealth & land.
Only the 1st Crusade came close to achieving its goals. Captured Jerusalem in 1099.
3rd Crusade, Saladin reopened the holy city to Christian pilgrims.
EFFECTS
Pope Urban hopes to heal the schism, b/w Roman & Byzantine churches & increase papal power.
1099-led to a massacre of Muslim & Jewish citizens.
By 1187 Jerusalem fell to the Muslim leader Salah al-Din.
Power of feudal monarchs increases. Power to levy taxes.
The church came to its greatest height.
Europeans curious about the world. 1271, Marco Polo, set out for China.
Religious hatred grows.
Trade increases.

7. Western Europe Emerges From Isolation
Immediate Effects
Long-Term Effects
Renaissance
Age of Exploration
Scientific Revolution
End of feudalism
trading centers

8. The Reconquista Drive the Muslims from Spain.
1469 – Isabella of Castile married Ferdinand of Aragon, uniting two powerful kingdoms.
After 1492 – Isabella ended the tradition of religious toleration
700s – Muslims conquered most of Spain.
1300 – Christians gained control of the entire Iberian peninsula, with the exception of Grenada.
1492 –Recaptured Grenada. Reconquista was complete.
launched a brutal crusade against Jews & Muslims.

9. “New Learning” & Medieval Thought
Scholasticism used logic to support Christian beliefs.
Thomas Aquinas concluded that faith & reason existed in harmonySumma Theologica
LITERATURE
Vernacular, or language of everyday people.
Dante’s Divine Comedy Chaucer’s Canterbury Tales
. Both led to the same truth, that God ruled over an orderly universe.
Science made little progress in the Middle Ages because most scholars still believed that all true knowledge must fit w/ Church teachings.

10. ARCHITECTURE
The Gothic Style was characterized by flying buttresses, or stone supports that stood outside the church.
ART
Towering stone cathedrals symbolized wealth & religious devotion.
The Romanesque style reflected Roman influences. Thick walls like fortresses.
Religious themes.
Stained-glass windows.