1. Bellringer: 3/6 and 3/7 1. Pick up the papers by the door.
2. Add these page numbers to your ToC:
Page 112: Notes – Middle Ages in Europe
Page 113: Map: Charlemagne’s Europe
3. Write down your HW:
Read pgs. 335 (start at “Europe in the High Middle Ages”) to 337 (stop at “New World of Trade & Cities”) in DUIKER textbook

2. Agenda: 3/15 and 3/16 1. Bellringer
2. Comparative Paragraph: World Religions
3. Notes: Intro to the Middle Ages
4. Map: Europe in the Middle Ages (p. 315)

3. THE MIDDLE AGES IN Europe

4. General Characteristics of the Middle Ages:
Dates: 500s-1500s CE
After Classical civilizations of Greece/Rome and before the Renaissance
Three phases:
1. Early Middle Ages (The “Dark Ages”) – 500s to 1000 CE
2. High Middle Ages – 1000 to 1300 CE
3. Late Middle Ages – 1300 to 1500 CE
Only 1 church in Western Europe  Catholicism
Politics and society typified by feudalism
Everybody in society = has a role and a purpose
Eventually ends because of:
Scientific Revolution, Renaissance, printing press, etc.
Ends because of…Scientific, information, cultural/colonialism/social, religious., etc revolution
The Printing Press 1450
Columbus’ Discovery of America 1492
Luther’s initiation of the Protestant Reformation (97 Thesis) 1517
Copernicus: figured out that if we assume the sun is the center of the solar system/planets, rather than the earth, everything becomes simple. He dedicated it to the Pope.
Canon Power
Constantinople fell in 1453 to the Ottoman Turks
RAPID CHANGE

5. Geography of the Middle Ages

6. Middle Ages began w/ fall of Rome in the West
While the Eastern half rose as Byzantine Empire
Early medieval society blended the classical heritage of Rome, Christian beliefs, and the customs of Germanic tribes. The Roman Catholic Church had a very large influence on Medieval Europe.

7. Huns
Germanic Tribes

8. Geography of the Middle Ages:
Western Roman Empire  taken over by Germanic tribes
Includes: Visigoths, Ostrogoths, Franks, etc.
Becomes the German states, eventually united under the Holy Roman Empire
Think modern-day countries of France, Spain, Italy, Germany, England, etc.

9. Osthrogoths, Visigoths, Frankish Kingdoms, Burgundians, etc.

10. Religion of the Middle Ages

11. Religion of the Middle Ages:
Roman Catholic Church = only religion in Europe during the Middle Ages
Influence left over from Roman Empire
Catholic Church = a unifier in Europe
In face of chaos and danger  Church is a stable force, provides security to the people
Clovis becomes a political and religious leader in the Middle Ages
Church = center of education
Often provides the only route for education for men in Europe at the time
Happens at monasteries
People turned to church for order and security.
Germanic people called the Franks were led by Clovis, who converted to Christianity.
The Church adapts to the rural conditions of Western Europe. The Church built religious communities called monasteries.

12. Achievements of the Middle Ages

13. Achievements of the Middle Ages:
Intellectual Achievements:
Calligraphy (fancy scripts used by monks in writings)
Creation of monasteries
Educated many men as administrators for kings and lords within the feudal system
Monasteries preserved Greco-Roman knowledge
Illumination:
Decorative borders on manuscripts the monks copied.
Calligraphy:
Fancy script used by monks.
Monastaries produced many well-educated men prepared to serve as administrators for uneducated kings and lords.

14. Some Important Cultural Changes: Flowering of Poetry About Courtly Love:
Troubadours (professional singers) sang of courtliness, brave deeds, and Romantic love accompanied by a harp or lute.
Courtly love poetry praised an idealized, distant, unattainable lady love (e.g. Beatrice in Dante’s Divine Comedy)
Artificial passion with strict rules.
Stories of unrequited love and heroic knights

15. Achievements of the Middle Ages:
Architecture:
Will vary depending upon which “phase” of the Middle Ages a building was constructed
Examples:
Castles
Churches
Rose window
Illumination:
Decorative borders on manuscripts the monks copied.
Calligraphy:
Fancy script used by monks.
Monastaries produced many well-educated men prepared to serve as administrators for uneducated kings and lords.

16. Romanesque Architecture: Prevalent during 9th-12th century
Rounded Arches
Barrel Vaults
Thick walls
Darker, simplistic interiors
Small windows usually at the top of the wall
Circular Rose Window usually on the West Side

17. Gothic Architecture: prevalent in W. Europe from 12th – 15th Cen. C.E.
Pointed arches
High, narrow vaults
Thinner walls
Flying buttresses
Elaborate, ornate, airier interiors
Stained-glass windows
Everything reaches up towards Heaven

25. Rose Window
The basic round rose window was developed as part of the Romanesque period but developed further and was used in Gothic Architecture.
Notice the Romanesque style top left versus the Gothic style bottom left (from the cathedral of Notre Dame). Intricate stone tracery is used in the Gothic style.
Gothic rose window = more elaborate than Romanesque

26. ARCHITECTURE: Castles
Originally built from wood, easily destroyed
Materials changed to stone with higher, thicker walls

29. Politics/Government of the Middle Ages

30. Politics/Government of the Middle Ages:
“Barbarian” invasion leads to the fall of Roman Empire
Leads to creation of Germanic States  Holy Roman Empire (emperor in charge)
Political structure on a local level = feudalism
Illumination:
Decorative borders on manuscripts the monks copied.
Calligraphy:
Fancy script used by monks.
Monastaries produced many well-educated men prepared to serve as administrators for uneducated kings and lords.

31. Politics/Government of the Middle Ages:
Rise of the Franks at the Battle of Tours
Franks: A Germanic tribe
Eventually defeat Muslim forces at the Battle of Tours (led by Charles Martel) in 732
Muslim loss at Tours: Stops Muslim incursion into Europe
Makes Franks the most powerful Germanic tribe in Europe
Illumination:
Decorative borders on manuscripts the monks copied.
Calligraphy:
Fancy script used by monks.
Monastaries produced many well-educated men prepared to serve as administrators for uneducated kings and lords.

34. Charlemagne Became the Frankish king in 768
The greatest leader of the Franks
His armies conquered lands across Europe and spread Christianity.
Charles Martel stopped the Muslim advance from Spain. They tried to invade France and he drove them back into Spain.

35. Charlemagne 1) Crowned Emperor by Pope Leo III on December 25, 800.
“Emperor of the Romans” or as historians call it, “Holy Roman Emperor”
Gave the Church political power
Church held power over kings
Start of the Carolingian Empire ( )
2) Known as “Father of Europe”
United most of Western Europe
During his ruling the West experiences some stability.
This signified the Pope’s authority over the Emperor
Wanted to go back to the days of Rome and Leo wanted to show his blessing over moving back to the “ideal days.”
Left the church with more power because it wanted to exercise it’s moral authority and have authority over kings.

36. Charlemagne’s capital, Aachen, in Germany.

38. Politics on a More Local Level
Feudalism is used on a local level regarding politics
This signified the Pope’s authority over the Emperor
Wanted to go back to the days of Rome and Leo wanted to show his blessing over moving back to the “ideal days.”
Left the church with more power because it wanted to exercise it’s moral authority and have authority over kings.

39. Economics of the Middle Ages

40. Manors: The Economic Side of Feudalism
The manor was the lord’s estate.
The manor system was an economic arrangement between a lord and his serfs.
The lord would provide serfs with housing, strips of farmland, and protection from bandits.
In return, the serfs tended the lord’s lands, cared for his animals, and performed other tasks to maintain the estate.

42. Society of the Middle Ages

43. Society of the Middle Ages:
Feudalism = political and social structure in the Middle Ages
This means there is definite class divisions

44. Tenets of Society during the Middle Ages:
Subservience to God’s church
Church played a big role—birth, baptism
Belief that great cathedrals should be erected
Belief in God, heaven, and hell
All actions had consequences (good life led to a good experience in heaven).