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The Late Middle Ages: Social and Political Breakdown
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Hundred Years’ War England and France England=victor until 1429 French eventually removed British
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The Black Death 1347-1350 Plagues 1/3 of W. Europeans died Septicemic
Pneumonic Bubonic 1/3 of W Europeans died
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The Black Death Cause? Curse from God Cures? Flagellation Bleeding
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Challenges to RCC Avignon Papacy (1309-1377) Great Schism (1378-1417)
Babylonian Captivity Great Schism ( ) John Wycliffe English d. 1384 Jan Hus Czech d. 1415
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Cultural Achievements
In Early Middle Ages, culture regressed because of: Barbarian invasions Feudalism People’s concern for barest essentials of life
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Cultural Achievements
In High Middle Ages, culture progressed because: Church provided leadership and support Crusades spread knowledge of Byzantine and Moslem civilization Towns=centers of culture and learning
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Cultural Achievements
Architecture Romanesque (pre-1100s) Massive cathedrals Featured: Thick walls Few windows Rounded arches Strong columns
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Cultural Achievements
Architecture (cont’d) Gothic (1100s+) More graceful style Featured: Flying buttresses Pointed arches Thin walls Stained-glass windows
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Pointed arches Ribbed vaults
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Thrust
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Notre Dame
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Cultural Achievements
Higher education Universities founded Except for religion, relied chiefly on Aristotle’s writings Students faced difficulties: Taught in Latin, not vernacular Lacked books and libraries
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Cultural Achievements
Science & invention Medieval scientists were quite unscientific Rarely experimented or questioned Mainly accepted: Popular superstitions Ideas of Aristotle
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Cultural Achievements
Philosophy & theology Scholasticism--method of using pure reason in defense of faith St. Thomas Aquinas Wrote Summa Theologica Denied conflict between reason and faith Influenced by Aristotle
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Cultural Achievements
Literature Few books written Epic poems Beowulf--Anglo-Saxon poem Song of Roland--French epic Song of Cid--Spanish story Lyrical poems Mostly about love By wandering musicians
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Rise of nation-states 14th-17th centuries England/ France
Spain/Portugal Russia/Poland/Ottoman Empire Germany/Italy
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The Late Middle Ages: Social and Political Breakdown
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