1. Environmental Pollution and Control

2. POLLUTION is the introduction by man into the environment of
contaminants that contains
harmful substances

3. types of pollution are:
Different
types of pollution are:
AIR POLLUTION
WATER POLLUTION
NOISE POLLUTION
MARINE POLLUTION
SOIL POLLUTION
THERMAL POLLUTION
SOLID WASTE POLLUTION
NUCLEAR POLLUTION

4. AIR POLLUTION
Air pollution is the modification of the natural characteristics of the
atmosphere by a chemical, particulate matter, or biological agent. The
atmosphere is a complex, dynamic natural gaseous system that is
essential to support life on planet Earth. Stratospheric ozone depletion
due to air pollution has long been recognized as a threat to human health
as well as to the Earth's ecosystems.

5. I Breathe What?

6. Chemicals

7. Exhaust

8. Pollen

9. Dirt

10. Dust Storms

13. How does dirt get in your house?
Windows
Doors
Air Conditioning
Pets
You!

14. Facts About Breathing
You breath about 22, times a day (16-18 breaths per minute)
That is about 150 full bathtubs of air
We breath in over a billion small particles a day (1,000,000,000)
The average house collects about 2 pounds of dust a week

15. Health Effects of CO

16. Health Effects of Nitrogen Oxides
Short-term exposure at concentrations greater than 3 parts per million (ppm) can measurably decrease lung function.
Concentrations less than 3 ppm can irritate lungs.
Concentrations as low as 0.1 ppm cause lung irritation and measurable decreases in lung function in asthmatics.
Long-term lower level exposures can destroy lung tissue, leading to emphysema.
Children may also be especially sensitive to the effects of nitrogen oxides.

17. Other Effects
Seriously injure vegetation at certain concentrations. Effects include:
Bleaching or killing plant tissue.
Causing leaves to fall.
Reducing growth rate.
Deteriorate fabrics and fade dyes.
Corrode metals (due to nitrate salts formed from nitrogen oxides).
Reduce visibility.

18. Other Effects (Continued)
Oxides of nitrogen, in the presence of sunlight, can also react with hydrocarbons, forming photochemical oxidants or smog.
Also, NOx is a precursor to acidic precipitation, which may affect both terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems.

19. Sulfur Dioxide
Ninety-five percent of pollution related sulfur oxide emissions are in the form of sulfur dioxide (SO2), a heavy, colorless gas with an odor like a struck match.
This gas combines easily with water vapor, forming aerosols of sulfurous acid (H2SO3), a colorless, mildly corrosive liquid.
This liquid may then combine with oxygen in the air, forming the even more irritating and corrosive sulfuric acid (H2SO4).

20. Other sulfur-containing compounds
Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) gas - rotten eggs.
Mercaptans - skunk spray or decayed garbage. (Added in trace amounts to natural gas, providing a leak-detecting warning odor.)
Note: The amount of SO2 released from coal fired power plants depends on the sulfur content of coal, normally 0.7% to 2% by weight. High sulfur coal sometimes contains as much as 6% sulfur by weight. In India, sulfur content is quite low.

21. Health Effects of Sulfur Oxides
Sulfur dioxide not only has a bad odor, it can irritate the respiratory system.
Exposure to high concentrations for short periods of time can constrict the bronchi and increase mucous flow, making breathing difficult.
Children, the elderly, those with chronic lung disease, and asthmatics are especially susceptible to these effects.

22. Sulfur dioxide can also:
Immediately irritate the lung and throat at concentrations greater than 6 parts per million (ppm) in many people.
Impair the respiratory system's defenses against foreign particles and bacteria, when exposed to concentrations less than 6 ppm for longer time periods.
Apparently enhance the harmful effects of ozone. (Combinations of the two gases at concentrations occasionally found in the ambient air appear to increase airway resistance to breathing.)

23. Sulfur dioxide tends to have more toxic effects when acidic pollutants, liquid or solid aerosols, and particulates are also present. (In the past, thousands of excess deaths occurred in areas where SO2 concentrations exceeded 1 ppm for a few days and other pollutants were also high.) Effects are more pronounced among mouth breathers, e.g., people who are exercising or who have head colds.
These effects include:
Health problems, such as episodes of bronchitis requiring hospitalization associated with lower-level acid concentrations.
Self-reported respiratory conditions, such as chronic cough and difficult breathing, associated with acid aerosol concentrations. (Asthmatic individuals are especially susceptible to these effects. The elderly and those with chronic respiratory conditions may also be affected at lower concentrations than the general population.)
Increased respiratory tract infections, associated with longer term, lower-level exposures to SO2 and acid aerosols.
Subjective symptoms, such as headaches and nausea, in the absence of pathological abnormalities, due to long-term exposure.

24. Sulfur oxides Effects on Plants
Sulfur dioxide easily injures many plant species and varieties, both native and cultivated. Some of the most sensitive plants include various commercially valuable pines, legumes, red and black oaks, white ash, alfalfa and blackberry. The effects include:
Visible injury to the most sensitive plants at exposures as low as 0.12 ppm for 8 hours.
Visible injury to many other plant types of intermediate sensitivity at exposures of 0.30 ppm for 8 hours.
Positive benefits from low levels, in a very few species growing on sulfur deficient soils.

25. Other Effects
Increases in sulfur dioxide concentrations accelerate the corrosion of metals, probably through the formation of acids. (SO2 is a major precursor to acidic deposition.) Sulfur oxides may also damage stone and masonry, paint, various fibers, paper, leather, and electrical components.
Increased SO2 also contributes to impaired visibility. Particulate sulfate, much of which is derived from sulfur dioxide emissions, is a major component of the complex total suspended particulate mixture.

26. Health Effects of Ozone
Ozone acts as a powerful respiratory irritant at the levels frequently found in most of the nation's urban areas during summer months.
Ozone exposure may lead to:
Shortness of breath.
Chest pain when inhaling deeply.
Wheezing and coughing.
Long-term, repeated exposure to high levels of ozone may lead to large reductions in lung function, inflammation of the lung lining, and increased respiratory discomfort.

29. Bhopal Gas Tragedy 29

30. Preview Amongst the worst Industrail Disasters of its time.
Occurrence: 3rd December 1984.
Place of occurrence: Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh, India.
Company: Union Carbide Corporation.
Chemical: Methyl Isocyanate (27 tons)

31. Among the 500,000 people exposed to the gas, 20,000 have died till date and 120,000 continue to suffer devastating health effects as a result of their exposure.

32. Union Carbide Corporation
Bhopal Scenario
Union Carbide Corporation

33. Union Carbide Corporation
Started in 1969 in bhopal
Phosgene, Monomethlyamine, Methyl Isocyanate (MIC) and the pesticide Carbaryl, also known as Sevin.
Taken over by DOW Chemicals in 2001.
DOW refused Union Carbide’s Liabilities in Bhopal, India.

34. Toxic Materials in Soil and Water

35. Gas Vent Scrubber Stack

36. Effects on Human Health
Respiratory Disorders – Irritation to the lungs, causing coughing and/or shortness of breathing. Higher exposure caused build up of fluids (pulmonary edema). Caused Asthama.
Cancer Hazard – Caused mutation (genetic changes). It caused cancer.
Reproductive Hazard – Association between exposure to Methyl Isocyanate and miscarriages. It may damage the growing fetus.May also affect fertility in men and women.
Traces of many toxins were found in the Brest Milk of mothers and were inturn transmitted to the recepient babies.

37. Animal Slaughter

38. Over to you Aniket…

39. Methyl Isocyanate Physical and Chemical Characteristics
Methyl Isocyanate (C2H3NO)
Liquid form
Volatile
Colourless
Strong, sharp odour
Flash Point – -7oC
Molecular weight: 57.05 daltons
Boiling point (760 mm Hg): 102ºF (39.1ºC)
Freezing point: -49ºF
Vapor pressure: 348 mm Hg at 68ºF (20ºC)
Vapor density: 1.42 (air = 1.00)
Water solubility: Reactive 6.7% at 68ºF (20ºC)
Flammability: Highly flammable
Flammable Range: 5.3% to 26% (concentration in air)

40. Reason for Citation
Methyl Isocyanate is on the Hazardous Substances List and is regulated by OSHA and cited by ACGIH, DOT, EPA and others.
Is on the Special Health Hazard Substance List because it is flammable and reactive.

41. Emergency Information
Hazard Rating
NJDHSS
NFPA
Flammability
Reactivity - 3 2
Flammable and Reactive
Poison Inhalation Hazard
Do not use water
Poisionous Gases are produced in fire
Containers may explode in fire
Hazard Rating Key: 0-minimal, 1-slight, 2-moderate, 3-serious, 4-severe

42. Chemicals Dumped by Union Carbide in Bhopal
S.No
Chemical
Amount
Use in factory
Nature of original pollution 1
Methylene Chloride
100 MT
Solvent
Air 2
Methanol
50 MT 3
Ortho-idichlorobenzene
500 MT
Air, Water, Soil 4
Carbon tetrachloride 5
Chloroform
300 MT 6
Tri methylamine
Catalyst 7
Chloro benzyl chloride
10 MT
Ingredient 8
Mono chloro toluene 9
Toluene
20 MT 10
Aldicarb
2 MT
Product 11
Carbaryl 12
Benzene Hexachloride
5 MT 13
Mercury
1 MT
Water, Soil 14
Mono methyl amine
25 MT 15
Chlorine 16
Phosgene 17
Hydro chloric acid
Air, Soil 18
Chloro sulphonic acid 19
Alpha Naphthol * 20
Napthalin 21
Chemical waste Tar
Waste 22
Methyl Isocyanate

43. Dumping of Hazardous Material

44. Toxic Materials in Soil and Water
Benzene, oxybis
7, 890
Dichlorobenzenes
87,500
Polynuclear Aromatic Hydrocarbons
2,340
Phthalates
9,940
Trichlorobenzenes
9,410
Trimethyl Trianzintrione
24,470
1-Napthalenol
59,090
Units in parts per billion (ppb)
Additionally, Dichlorobenzenes and Trichlorobenzenes were found in the soil and water samples.

45. Toxic Materials in Soil and Water
Lead, Nickel, Copper, Chromium, Hexachlorocyclohexane and chlorobenzenes were found in soil samples.
Mercury was found to be between 20,000 to 6,000,000 times the standard level in soil.

46. Compensation and Legal Aspects
Compensation of $470 million ($500 per dead).
Twenty years of passiveness.
Case was reviewed and put up in American Court.
DOW Refused Union Carbide’s Liabilities in Bhopal, India.

47. 20,000 KILLED
120,000 SEVERELY AFFECTED
…And you thought only weapons
could cause Mass Destruction

48. WATER POLLUTION Water pollution is a large set of adverse effects upon
water bodies such as lakes, rivers, oceans, and
groundwater caused by human activities.

49. The sources of WATER POLLUTION
Throwing trashes in water
Throwing low batteries in water,lakes,rivers and etc.
The chemicals from factories that might flow to rivers

50. NOISE POLLUTION
Noise pollution or environmental noise is displeasing human or machine created sound that disrupts the activity or happiness of human or animal life. A common form of noise pollution is from transportation, principally motor vehicles. The word "noise" comes from the Latin word nausea meaning "seasickness", or from a derivative (perhaps Latin noxia) of Latin noceō = "I do harm", referring originally to nuisance noise.

51. “cause and effect of NOISE POLLUTION”
No one on earth can escape the sounds of noise- an unwanted, disturbing sound that causes a nuisance in the eye of the beholder.
Noise is a disturbance to the human environment that is escalating at such a high rate that it will become a major threat to the quality of human lives.
There are numerous effects on the human environment due to the increase in noise pollution. In the following paper, the cause and effects of noise pollution will be presented in some detail.
Major sources of noise can be airplanes at takeoff and landing, and a truck just off the assembly line, yet we seem accept and enjoy countless other sounds, from hard rock music to loud Harley Davidson motor cycles.
The following areas will be investigated in some detail; adolescent education, neural-effects, sleep, hearing damage, occupational environment, transportation, and physiological effects.

52. WASTE POLLUTION
Waste, rubbish, trash, garbage, or junk is unwanted or undesired material. "Waste" is the general term; though the other terms are used loosely as synonyms, they have more specific meanings: rubbish or trash are mixed household waste and including paper and packaging; food waste or garbage (North America) is kitchen and table waste; and junk or scrap is metallic or industrial material. There are other categories of waste as well: sewage, ash, manure, and plant materials from garden operations, including grass cuttings, fallen leaves, and pruned branches.

53. “cause and effect of WASTE POLLUTION”
cause, or significantly contribute to an increase in mortality (death) or an increase in serious irreversible, or incapacitating reversible illness; or
pose a substantial present or potential hazard to human health or the environment when improperly treated, stored, transported, or disposed of, or otherwise managed.

54. Still DEATH IS THE EFFECT OF ALL POLLUTION

56. Major Air pollution Disasters
S.No
Period and Location
Conditions and causes
Symptoms and Effects 1.
Dec.1930
Meuse valley,Belgium
Inversion,smoke,so2 and H2SO4 mist
63 deaths ; thousands ill ;irritation of of eyes and nose ;cough 2
Oct. 1948
Donora, (Pennsylvania)
USA
Inversion and fog;SO2;smoke;zinc particles; H2SO4 mist
20 deaths;45%of population ill ;irritation of eyes, nose and respiratory track;breathlessness,nausea 3
Nov.1950 PozaRica, maxico
Shallow inversion;,fog and calm conditions,H2SO4 released due to burner failure
22 deaths;320hospitalised;irritation of respiratory tract

57. 4
December1952; london;england
Low temperature inversion ,thick fog,stagnant air,smoke and so2 accumulation
4000 deaths ; thousand s hospitalized for respiratory and heart diseases; chronic bronchitis, broncopneumonia 5
Jan1956 london, england
Extended fog conditions similar to 1952 episode ;particulates and so2
1000 deaths 6
dec.1962
London, England
Shallow inversion, thick fog,smoke,so2
700deaths;increased illness 7
Nov.1966, New york,USA
So2; partivculates
168 deaths 8
Dec1984, Bhopal,India
Release of 30 tonnes of deadly Methyl iso cyanate gas due to failure of system
>20000 deaths; people affected ;vomiting ;violent coughing ;chemical conjunctivitis ;suffocation, cardiac failure