1. L08

2. Current Policy Issues Toll rate increase Exam papers leakage
Extending compulsory education from primary to secondary education (6-11 years)
Discipline among students
Truancy and absenteeism among students
Student fell from school building
Exam papers leakage
Goods and Services Tax
Rationalization of petrol subsidies
Increasing retirement age to 65
Pay rise for teachers
School based assessment

3. Current Policy Issues Free Higher Education
Budget 2016
Compulsory education at primary level

4. POLICY MAKING CONTENTS: Policy and its characteristics
Policy questions, its aspects and paradox
Policy Process: Policy formation, policy decision & political analysis of policy
Policy research and evaluation
This Note is Courtesy of Prof Madya Dr. Mohd Majid Konting, UPM, 2011 (With Adaptation).

5. 1.1 CHARACTERISTICS OF POLICY STATEMENT
Statement of position, not statement of procedure
Apply to a clearly defined population
No specific time reference
Apply to a specific area whereby the policy making body has authority/ influence/ control

6. 1.1 CHARACTERISTICS OF POLICY STATEMENT
Policy statement is defined as, formal document outlining the ways in which an  organization intends to  conduct its affairs and act in specific circumstances
Policy on poor children who are not attending schools-
Compulsory Primary Education
Compulsory primary & Secondary Education

7. Ask how to allocate such goods?
2. POLICY QUESTIONS
2.1 ETIOLOGY (origin) OF POLICY QUESTIONS
Arises from conflict among humans over the distribution of goods, i.e. conflicts of interest.
But, it lies in the incompatibility of the actual goods that human beings seek.
Ask how to allocate such goods?
The allocation is the business of politics.
No policy without politics nor politics without policy

8. …2.1 ETIOLOGY OF POLICY QUESTIONS
Policy questions is different from constitutional, moral questions, and questions aimed at forming the set of alternatives from which policies might be selected.
Policy process involved policy analysis, formation, decision as well as the political analysis of policy

9. 2.3 POLICY QUESTIONS (PQ)
Is a request for a fairly stable, but modifiable, line of action aimed at securing an optimal adjustment of the conflict between different goods, all of which must be pursued, but which, taken together, cannot all be maximized (Green, 1994).
Can only be formulated if we can state the set of values or goods from which the question arises.

10. PQ Examples as in MEB How can the nation provide
Education accessible to all students
Education equitably to all students
World class quality education to all students
Education efficiently to all students

11. 2.4 POLICY ISSUES
“Nested” within a set of mutually incompatible values or goods.
Consider the issues surrounding the imposition free higher education:
~ Levels of attainment racially or geographically balanced
~ High academic achievement, and
~ other youth who are not in university
Maximizing any one of these goods, will inhibit the advancement of the others.
The policy problem arises by accepting all aims of education, and yet they cannot all be maximized.
Continued

12. No technical solution to policy questions.
…2.4 POLICY ISSUES
No technical solution to policy questions.
It is practical questions, never theoretical (depending on political ideology).
It is a statement of what we should do.
Information and analyses can improve decision of action.
But policy questions can be answered even without such information.

13. 1. Scarcity 2. Conflict of goods 3. Policy, Politics, and Utopia
2.5 ASPECTS OF POLICY QUESTIONS
1. Scarcity
2. Conflict of goods
3. Policy, Politics, and Utopia

14. 1. SCARCITY Why we need a policy?
(a) Increasing the satisfactions available to human beings – increased productivity
~ can be balanced by abundance.
(b) Doing something about their desires – improved moral and discipline
~ can be made to meet not by the satisfaction of wants, but by their proper and harmonious composition.
Thus, one source of policy questions is the mismatch between human desires and satisfactions

15. 2. CONFLICT OF GOODS
Policy questions arise because the goods that human beings seek to secure in the world are interdependent and often jointly discordant
(exactly the opposite of: yang bulat datang menggolek, yang pipih datang melayang)

16. 3. POLICY, POLITICS, AND UTOPIA
Human goods (values?) cannot all be present sufficiently to satisfy human desires.
They cannot all be maximized.
They exist even when human interests do not.
Thus, a need for solution to policy problems in utopian terms

17. PRESUPPOSITIONS OF POLICY QUESTIONS
Policy questions are different from moral, constitutional, and research questions:
1. Constraints of time;
~ the answer will be revised
~ have to be answered on time, though the information needed for the answer is not on time.

18. PRESUPPOSITIONS OF POLICY QUESTIONS
2. Policy decisions and ethical decisions are different because policies and moral rules or principles differ.
~ Policies are drawn from within a set of alternative actions all of which are either morally indifferent or capable of evoking moral approval.
~ Defining the set of policy choices is the expression of moral conviction and estimations of value, but selecting from within that defined set is not.

19. 4. Political analysis of policy 5. Policy research and evaluation
3. THE POLICY PROCESS
1. Policy analysis
2. Policy formation
3. Policy decision
4. Political analysis of policy
5. Policy research and evaluation

20. To discover a balance between competing values.
3.1. POLICY ANALYSIS
The rational or technical assessment of the net marginal trade-offs between different policy choices.
To discover a balance between competing values.
An activity whose theory is the theory of marginal utilities – exercise rationality.

21. 3.2. POLICY FORMATION
An activity of gaining agreement on what form a specific policy can or will take, as opposed to what form it ought to take.
Involve conversation, persuasion, argument, endless meetings.
Employ governmental management and rhetoric theory.
Example : at Federal, the theory of inter-agency politics; - “Don’t fight over turf, just take up space”.
- “For the interest of the nation”.
- “Do the right thing”.

22. 3.3. POLICY DECISION
The authoritative action of some office, administrative, or legislative by which a line of action is established.
Employ the theory of polity, the political and legal theory by which authority is distributed, obligations for decision are assigned throughout the structure of political institutions, and agents of authority are enjoined to act.

23. 3.4. POLITICAL ANALYSIS
Is concerned with measuring the political weight of a policy.
The aim is not so much to determine the net social benefits of a particular policy, but to determine its constituency.
Whether the best thing to do is the same as the best thing to be done.
It estimates who will vote for it.
It employs the theory of political behavior

24. 5. POLICY RESEARCH & EVALUATION
R&E can contribute to each of those activities.
The rational of policy decision and political analysis are the standards of political judgment.
The exercise of political judgment is a practical and evaluation activities
Researcher can involve in these activities in the context of government.
To what extend the policy achieves its objective?

25. EVALUATION 1.
Assignment 1 (individual) : 2 Jurnal Article Reviews (Student presentation, 5 minutes per article during class starting from week 5: 5/10/16
10% 2.
Test 1: Education Policy and Planning Lecture 1 – 7 (week 8: 26/10/16)
20% 3.
Group Project : Educational Policy Plan OR Strategic Plan Proposal (Group presentation from week 10: 16/10/16; hand in proposal week 13: 7/12/16 )
40% 4.
Final 28/12/16
30% 5

26. EVALUATION 3 (40%): GROUP ASSIGNMENT 3 – POLICY PLANNING
In a group of 4 persons, you are required to prepare an educational policy/strategic plan. Choose an educational problem of your interest to prepare the plan. You can use the strategic educational planning model to guide you in preparing the plan.
As a guide, each assignment must be reported in written form using Times New Roman, Font 12 and margin 1.5 with an estimated total of 5,000 words or 15 pages. Present your assigment in week 11 and Submit your assigment in week 12. 7

27. General Format For Policy Proposal
Title (5 marks)
Elaboration on educational issue (background, policy issue, data) (10 marks)
Elaboration on why issue needs to addressed (10 marks)
Detail of proposed plan to address issue (10 marks)
Implication of plan to the government ( financial, job positions, politics, social etc) (10 marks)
Short summary. (5 marks)

28. POLICY
PROJECT
DISCUSSION

29. Policy: Extending compulsory schooling to 11 years
Data: Education Statistics
Implication from data:
Additional teachers-Teacher training
New classrooms and schools
Culture on Education
Legislation (Act and Regulations)
Students aids
Financial implications

30. Thank You…