1. Workers Organize Chapter 14 Section 3
Learning Goal: I will be able to identify the working conditions for the industrial worker.
US.14 Describe working conditions in industries, including the use of labor by women and children. (C, E)
US.15 Analyze the rise of the labor movement, including its leaders, major tactics, and the response of management and the government: (C, E, H, P, TN)
· Samuel Gompers
· Eugene Debs
· Haymarket Affair
· Pullman Strike
· Coal Creek Labor Saga
· Collective bargaining
· Blacklisting
· Open vs. closed shops

2. Morning Work August 11, 2016 1st Period Agenda Write Questions
What is capitalism?
What is horizontal integration?
Morning Work
Lecture: Workers Organize
Reading: Child Labor
Men who Built America: Andrew Carnegie
Essay due!
Morning Work August 11, 2016

3. Morning Work August 11, 2016 3rd/4th Period Agenda Write Questions
What is capitalism?
What is horizontal integration?
Morning Work
Lecture: Workers Organize
Close Read: Homestead Strike
Men who Built America: Andrew Carnegie
Morning Work August 11, 2016

4. Government and Business
Sherman Antitrust Act (1890)
Made it illegal to form trusts that interfered with free trade
Prohibited monopolies/activities hindering competition
Government and Business
Government did not interfere with business in the late 1800s, but as corporations expanded and gained power, that policy began to change.
The Sherman Antitrust Act was passed in 1890, making it illegal to form trusts that interfered with free trade. It prohibited monopolies and activities hindering competition. The law was vague, however, and it was seldom enforced.

5. Industrial Workers Workforce Immigrants
Rural Americans who came to the city to earn a living
Less well paying jobs went to African Americans
Children
Industrial Workers
The government paid less attention to workers, who scraped by on small wages. By 1890, 10 percent of the population controlled 75 percent of the nation’s wealth. The rich were very rich, and many industrial workers made less than $500 per year.
African Americans were laborers or household help
By 1900, one in six children between the ages of 10 and 15 held factory jobs.

6. Industrial Workers Working Conditions Worked 10 hour days
6 days a week
No paid vacation
Terrible accidents
Sweatshops were common
Cramped workshops set up in tenement buildings
Industrial Workers
Most unskilled laborers worked 10-hour days, six days a week.
They had no paid vacation and no sick leave.
Speed of production led to terrible accidents. Injured workers were replaced.
Sweatshops were common. These cramped workshops set up in shabby tenement buildings were common in the garment industry.

11. Industrial Workers Workers Seek Change Knights of Labor
Started in 1869
Terence V. Powderly became leader in 1879
Unskilled workers, women, African Americans
8 hr. workdays/ end of child labor
Boycotts/ negotiations
Industrial Workers
By the late 1800s working conditions were so dismal that workers began organizing in increasing numbers. BY banding together they hoped to pressure employers into making the workplace safer and paying reasonable wages. In 1794, Philadelphia shoemakers formed a trade union. Over decades, unions formed for skilled trade workers, but they remained small and local.
After the Civil War, things changed. The Knights of Labor formed in Under the leadership of Terence V. Powderly in the 1880s, they began to accept unskilled workers, women, and African Americans as members. They campaigned for reforms, such as eight-hour workdays and the end of child labor through boycotts and negotiations.
After wage cuts, the first railroad strike occurred in Workers for the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad protested by walking off the job and blocking several freight trains. Pennsylvania RR employees blocked the movement of all trains on their rail lines. Initial strikes quickly spread to other railroads, stopping most freight traffic for more than a week. Several governors called out their state militias. Violence ensued, lives were lost, and costly damage was done. In Baltimore the militia killed 10 people. Troops in Pittsburg killed 20 civilians, including 3 children. The arrival of U.S. Army troops put an end to the strike.

12. Industrial Workers The Great Railroad Strike 1877 Wage cuts
Strikes spread quickly
State militias were called out
U.S. Army put an end to the strike
Industrial Workers

13. Strikes and Turmoil Haymarket Massacre (May 4, 1886)
Haymarket Square in Chicago
Bomb thrown into crowd
People blamed foreign born anarchists
8 men were charged with conspiracy /murder
All 8 were convicted/ sentenced to death
Strikes and Turmoil
The US experienced a yr of more intense strikes and turmoil in Wage cuts in many industries caused workers across the nation to go on strike. Labor demonstrations were common that yr, some involving violent clashes w/ police.
One of the worst clashes was at Haymarket Square in Chicago. Crowds gathered there to protest violent police action the day before. A bomb was thrown in a crowd gathered to protest violent police action. Gunshots rang out, and eleven people were killed and hundreds injured before it was over.
People immediately blamed foreign-born unionists for the violence. Foreign-born unionists were blamed for the violence, and the press fanned xenophobia. Eight men were charged with conspiracy, but no evidence connected them to the crime. Five of them were not even at Haymarket Square when the bomb went off.
All eight were convicted and sentenced to death. After four hangings and one suicide, the last three were pardoned.
4 hangings and 1 suicide
Last three were pardoned

15. Albert Parsons, August Spies, George Engel, and Adolph Fischer died on the gallows. Louis Lingg committed suicide in his jail cell. Weak- willed Gov. Richard Ogelsby, who privately admitted the innocence of the men, worked up enough spine to reduce the sentences of Fielden and Schwab to life in prison. Neebe, who even the state's prosecutor confided was innocent, received a sentence of 15 years.
On 10th November, 1887, Lingg committed suicide by exploding a dynamite cap in his mouth.

16. Strikes and Turmoil Blacklists of people deemed troublemakers
Employers refused to hire anyone on list
Striking workers were replaced with “scabs”
Strikes and Turmoil
Following the Haymarket Riot, employees struck back at organized labor. Employers struck back at organized labor, forcing employees to sign documents saying they would not join a union.
Blacklists of people deemed troublemakers were made and shared by employers, who refused to hire anyone listed.
Striking workers were replaced with “scabs,” or strikebreakers.
Samuel Gompers led a group of skilled workers to form the American Federation of Labor in 1886.
Using strikes and other tactics, the AFL did win wage increases and shorter workweeks.

17. Strikes and Turmoil American Federation of Labor (AFL) Started in 1886
Led by Samuel Gompers
Skilled workers
Collective bargaining
working people, through their unions, negotiate contracts with their employers
Strikes and Turmoil
Samuel Gompers led a group of skilled workers to form the American Federation of Labor in 1886.
Using strikes and other tactics, the AFL did win wage increases and shorter workweeks.

18. Strikes and Turmoil Homestead Strike (1892)
Carnegie Steel workers in Homestead, Pa. went on strike
Workers seized the plant
14+ hour battle and 14 deaths, the state militia was called.
Strikes and Turmoil
Unions made some gains, but conflicts continued. Carnegie Steel workers in Homestead, Pennsylvania, refused to work faster, and the manager tried to lock them out. The workers seized the plant. Gunfire erupted when private guards hired by the company tried to take control. After a 14-hour battle and fourteen deaths, the governor called out the state militia. The steelworkers’ union withered within months.

19. Strikes and Turmoil Pullman Strike Laid off 1/3rd of employees
Cut wages w/o lowering rents
Workers went on strike with support of Eugene V. Debs
President Grover Cleveland called in federal troops
Strikes and Turmoil
The U.S. economy declined in , causing a nationwide depression. To offset any losses to his investors and himself, Pullman drastically cut productivity in his factory and reduced wages by one-third without reducing rents, utility charges, or store prices. Since he deducted rent (approximately $14 per month) before paying wages (approximately $16 per month postreduction), workers found themselves taking home scant pay for their labor, if any at all.
After laying off a third of its employees in 1893, the Pullman Company cut the wages of remaining workers by 25 percent without lowering their rents. Workers went on strike with the support of Eugene V. Debs, the leader of the American Railway Union. The government ordered the strike be called off, but the union refused. President Grover Cleveland called in federal troops, and the strike collapsed. The late 1800s would remain an era of big business.

20. the luxuries of a Pullman Palace Car included freshly prepared gourmet meals, dining cars, chandeliers, electric lighting, table lamps with silk shades, leather seating, and advanced heating and air conditioning systems
Pullman hoped to improve the relationship between capital and labor by creating a safe, clean, culturally enriching environment for his workers, who would pay him back with loyalty, honesty, and commitment to hard work. He believed a company town would discourage strikes as it increased workers' efficiency and improved residents' moral character.

21. From the outside, the town of Pullman was a wonder
From the outside, the town of Pullman was a wonder. All buildings were made of brick; the nicest homes, which accommodated managers, resembled English row houses. Pullman's large Arcade building--which featured a restaurant, a bank, a library, a post office, a theater, and numerous shops--foreshadowed the modern shopping center. Unlike the city's working-class neighborhoods, in Pullman the shops were set apart from the residences, which George Pullman felt created a more tranquil environment. Not far from the Arcade sat the Hotel Florence, named after Pullman's daughter, where the town's many visitors stayed while viewing the great model city.
Pullman residents enjoyed the manmade Lake Vista and plenty of parks and promenades, features typically missing from Chicago's working-class neighborhoods. Lawns, buildings, and paved streets were meticulously maintained courtesy of the Pullman Palace Car Company. Pullman equipped all houses and apartments with state-of-the-art features, including gas, indoor plumbing, and regular garbage removal. Though some criticized Pullman, saying the residences all looked alike, virtually everyone praised the town's cleanliness. By 1893, the town's population had grown to approximately 12,000, with more than 6,000 of its residents employed in Pullman factories; nonemployed family members comprised the remaining population.

22. the model town built to handle the "labor problem" in a democratic America was run like an Old World aristocracy. Except for the post office, there were no city government offices present; a town agent managed Pullman and its activities. Pullman chose which stores could establish in his town, which books the library could offer, and which performances could appear in the theater. He assumed that his residents would be satisfied with one church and a form of worship chosen by Pullman himself: the Greenstone Church. Pullman did not allow residents to own their homes. Subsequently, some workers moved out of Pullman and bought residences in nearby communities such as Roseland and Gano.
Pullman hired company spies or "spotters" to watch for and report any resident who behaved contrary to his policies. Upon first glance, George Pullman seemed to have provided ideal living conditions, but for those living in the town, he failed to provide even the most basic human rights.

26. Morning Work January 13, 2015 WRITE QUESTIONS
What was the Sherman Antitrust Act?
What was the Knights of Labor?
Morning Work
Finish reading assignment
Lecture: Workers Organize
Men Who Built America: Andrew Carnegie
Morning Work January 13, 2015

27. Morning Work August 15, 2013 WRITE QUESTIONS
What groups of workers could join the Knights of Labor?
Who became the leader of the Knights of Labor in 1879?
Morning Work
Honors: Reading quiz
Lecture: Workers Organize
Chapter 14-3 quiz
Lecture: Age of Invention
Honors: Men Who Built America
Review for test on Friday!
Morning Work August 15, 2013