1. Unit 4
Exploring plants

2. Words pollinate courtyard balcony exotic distant Egypt goods botanist
vt. 对……授粉
n. 庭院; 天井
n. 阳台; 包厢
adj. 异国家情调的; 奇异的
adj. 远的; 远处的
n. 埃及
n. 货物
n. 植物学家

3. scale
conflict
endeavor
anchor
tight
seal
container
restriction
n. 磅秤; 天平盘
n. 斗争; 冲突
n. 尽力; 竭力
n. 锚
vi. & vt. 抛锚; 锚定
adj. 紧的; 紧密的
vt. 密闭; 密封
n. 容器
n. 限制; 约束

4. fluency
shave
thunderstorm
pirate
appeal
n. 流利; 流畅
vt. & vi. 剃; 刮
n. 雷雨; 雷暴
n. 海盗
vi. 有吸引力; 求助

5. Expressions
date back to
appeal to
追溯到
有吸引力; 呼吁

6. How much do you know about plants?
Warming Up
How much do you know about plants?

7. Tulip Can you tell the name of the flower? Tulips are beautiful
flowers and people often send them to their friends as presents.

8. tulip 郁金香

9. Peony
the Chinese national flower

10. peony 牡丹

11. Sunflower It comes from North America. Indians
there began to grow them some 3000 years ago .

12. sunflower 向日葵

13. Rose
Roses are best presents to be sent to friends. And it is also very popular to send roses as love signal between young people. Red roses indicate warmth and love and white ones, purity and simplicity, blue ones, honesty and sincerity.

14. rose 玫瑰

15. Which is your favorite flower? Why?

17. DISCUSSION: Did you know that: 1. some plants do not have flowers?
2. some plants have roots that live in
the air?
3. some plants eat meat?
4. some plants need animals to
pollinate them?

18. 5. some plants grow on other plants?
6. plants are adapted to live in
specific environments?
7. people buy plants that come from
other countries for their gardens?
8. a new plant does not always
grow from a seed?

19. Special plants

20. Pre-reading
1 Do you have a courtyard or some pot plants on your balcony? Do you know where these plants come from?
Are they Chinese plants or do they come from another country?

21. When you last visited a public garden, did you look at the individual plants
there? Were there any plants from other countries?

22. How do you think plants have traveled from one country to another?
Joseph Banks

24. Dr Nathaniel Ward

25. The Wardian case

26. Robert Fortune ( )

27. Robert Fortune represented the Horticultural Society of London (now the Royal Horticultural Society) as a collector in China shortly after the Treaty of Nanjing had brought the Opium War to a close. Through his use of the Wardian case, Fortune was able to introduce many of the best-known Chinese garden plants into cultivation in Europe and North America.

28. Père Paul Guillaume Farges (1844 - 1912)

29. French missionary and naturalist
French missionary and naturalist. Born at Monclar-de-Quercy, Tarn-et-Garonne. He was sent to China in 1867 and remained stationed in north-east Sichuan until Although he had always nurtured an interest in the local flora and fauna, it was not until 1892 that he started to collect herbarium specimens in earnest. During the eleven years before he moved south
to Chongqing, he collected and preserved over 4,000 specimens.

30. Dove Tree

31. Ernest Henry Wilson (1876 - 1930)

32. Scan the title of the reading
passage and the pictures and
predict what it is about?
Plant Exploration in the 18th And 19th centuries

33. PLANT EXPLORATION IN THE 18TH AND 19TH CNTURIES
Reading
PLANT EXPLORATION IN THE
18TH AND 19TH CNTURIES

34. T or F Questions:
1. The plants in our garden grew in China originally. F
2. The American Middle Classes took great interest in collecting new plants during the 18th and 19th centuries. F

35. 3. French Catholic missionaries were beginning to set themselves up in China by the middle of the 18th century. T
4. After Father d’ Incarville died, some Tree of Heaven seeds were sent to England. F

36. Banks, together with James Cook, collected many examples of plants in Australia.
6. Keeping plants alive during long
land or sea voyage was very
difficult, which caused the
Wardian Case to be invented. T

37. 7. Robert Fortune introduced over 120 species of plants to Western Gardens, because he could easily travel everywhere in China. F
8. During the second half of the 19th century, many Catholic missionaries were sent to China, and they collected many seeds of plants, which were sent back to France. T

38. Detailed reading: Try to get the main idea of each paragraph: Para 1:
explains when plant collecting began.
Para 2:
describes when and where plant collecting began on a large scale by Europeans.
Para 3:
talks about French Catholic missionaries who collected plants in China in the 18th century.

39. Para 4:
is about the famous British plant collector, Sir Joseph Banks, who collected many new plants in Australia.
Para 5:
explains the problems of keeping plants alive on long trips.
Para 6:
describes an experiment carried out by Dr Nathaniel Ward who invented a glass case in which to transport plants on long journeys.

40. is about Robert Fortune, a British plant collector who made several trips to China in the 19th century.
Para 7:
is about Father Farges, a French Catholic missionary who collected plants in China in the 19th century.
Para 8:

41. Para 9:
Describes how many European plant collectors, such as E H Wilson, went to China so that new plants could be introduced to gardens in the West.

42. Structure: Part I: Para1-2 the beginning of plant collecting Part II:
Para3-4 the exploration of plants in the 18th century
Para 5-7 the invention and
use of Wardian case
Part III:
Part IV:
Para 8-9 the exploration
of plants in the 19th centry

43. Answer these questions in group.
the Queen of Egypt sent ships to gather plants, animals and other goods.
a French Catholic missionary called Father d'Incarville was sent to Beijing.
some Tree of Heaven seeds arrived in England.
1 In l5OO BC,
2 In the 1740s,
3 In1751,

44. Sir Joseph Banks collected vast
quantities of plants in the land now
known as Australia
the Tree of Heaven was
introduced into North America.
Nathaniel Ward used two
special cases that he had invented to ship
British plants to Sydney,Australia.
4 In1769,
5 In 1784,
6 In 1833,

45. a British plant collector Robert Fortune. made several trips to China
many Catholic missionaries were sent to China from France.
a French Plant collector Father Farges. sent seeds of the Dover Tree from China to France.
7 Between 1843 and 1859,
8 During the second half of the nineteenth
century,
9 In 1897,

46. a Plant collector, E H
Wilson. collected a large quantity of
the seeds of the Dove Tree in China.
10 In 1899,

47. 3 Answer these questions in groups.
1 Why was there a lot of plant collecting in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries?
Europe has become interested in
scientific discovery and European
middle classes took great interest in
collecting new plants this time.

48. 2 how did French missionaries come to be plant collectors?
They valued the study of the natural
sciences and many of them knew allot
about plants and animals.

49. 3 What were some of the negative aspects of plant collecting expeditions?
Negative aspects included disease, near-
starvation, severe environment, conflicts
with the local people, plants dying
during long trips or seeds failing to grow
after long trips, pirates, bad weather,
not knowing the local language and
customs, etc.

50. 4 Transporting plants over long distances was a big problem
4 Transporting plants over long distances was a big problem. Why was this?
It was hard to keep them alive during
long trips.
5 Why did many plants fail to reach their destinations alive? Can you think of any other reasons?
The seeds of many plants failed to grow
after long trip: plants were not looked

51. After properly during the trip. For
example, one plant explorer lost his
plants when they were waned with sea
water. Other reasons include lack of
fresh water, wrong environmental
conditions, for instance, incorrect
temperatures, salty air, and lack of
sunlight and rain, etc, if the plants were
transported inside the ship or train.

52. 6 What improved the survival rates of plants transported long distances?
It was the invention of the Wardian case.

53. Imagine: Suppose three of you are botanists
(植物学家), and one is a captain.
Now each botanist wants the captain to bring his plant home. But the captain
can take only one plant, so each must try his best to explain his reason to persuade the captain into taking his own plant.

54. Language points
1. date back to 追溯到; 始于
1 This town dates back to Roman times.
2 The castle dates back to the 14th century.
3 These societies dated as far back as a
century.

55. date from 追溯到; 始于
1 The dress dates from the 19th century.
2 This custom dates from the 17th century.
3 My interest in stamp collecting dates
from my schooldays.
dated adj. 过时的; 陈旧的

56. 2. conflict n.矛盾,分歧;冲突,斗争
1 It faces conflicts with the American
people.
2 Nations mustn’t settle their difference
by armed conflict.
3 At times personality conflicts develop
between teachers and students.

57. a conflict of opinions / wills / interests
in conflict (with)
1 These two lines are in conflict with
each other.
2 Every one was aware that husband
and wife were in conflict.
3 The twins are in conflict.

58. 3. tightly 紧紧地, 满满地
1 Tie it as tightly as you can.
2 His arms were folded tightly.
3 He held me by the arm so tightly that
it hurt.

59. tight adj. 紧; 绷紧; 拉紧
The coat looks tight.
We hope to finish the task next week, but the schedule is a bit tight.
tight adv. 紧地; 满地
Hold tight to the railing or you may
slip and fall.

60. 4 restriction un. 限制
The park is open to the public without restriction.
He dislikes their restriction of his
freedom of choice.

61. cn. 限制性规定
The restrictions on the use of the play-ground: No fighting. No damaging property.
The government placed restrictions on the numbers of foreign cars that could be imported.

62. restrict vt. 限制, 控制
He feels this new law restrict his
freedom.
The trees restricted our vision.
restricted adj. 有严格控制的, 局限的
restrictive adj. 限制性的

63. 5. appeal vt. 吸引; 投合兴趣或爱好
How did the course appeal to you?
These pictures don’t appeal to the children.
呼吁, 请求 appeal to sb. for help
1 He appealed to his friends for support.
2 The murderer appealed to the court
for mercy.

64. Difficult sentences analysis
1 However，it was not until the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries that the exploration of the botanical world began on a large scale
然而，直到18和19世纪人们对植物
世界大规模的探索才开始。

65. It is／was not until．that…的意思是
“直到才 ”。如：
It was not until the l880s that there were consistent experimental findings to
support his theory.
直到19世纪80年代才有了一致的实验
发现支持他的理论。

66. 另外，含有not until结构的句子也还可
以放在句首来表示强调，这时主旬用倒
装句。如：
Not until 1 began to work did I realize
how much time I had wasted．
直到开始工作时我才意识到自己浪费了
多少时间。

67. 2 At that time, there were restrictions
on the movement of Europeans and so,
in order to travel unnoticed, he
developed his fluency in Chinese and dressed as a Chinese man, even shaving
his head in the Chinese style．

68. 那时候，欧洲人在中国的活动受到种种限制，因此，为了在旅行时不被别人注意，他努力使自己的汉语讲得很流利，并且穿着中国人的服装，甚至像中国人一样削发(留辫)。

69. 这是个并列句, At that time,
there were restrictions on the
movement of Europeans是并列句
的第一部分, in order to travel
unnoticed 是第二部分, 由and把
这两部分连接起来。

70. Homework 1. Retell the story to your partner.
2. Finish off the exercises in your
book.

71. Thank you.