1. Chapter 4: Interactions of Life
Lesson 1: Living Earth

2. Ecosystem
An area where organisms interact with one another as well as with the nonliving parts of the environment
Each organism interacts with other organisms in one or more ecosystems

3. The Biosphere The part of Earth that supports life
Includes the top portion of Earth’s crust, the waters that cover Earth’s surface, and the atmosphere that surrounds Earth

4. Ecosystem An ecosystem contains both biotic and abiotic factors
The living parts of an ecosystem
An abiotic factor
The nonliving parts of an ecosystem

5. A Place to Live Community Population
All of the populations living together in ecosystem
Populations in a community interact, using one another for food and shelter
Population
A group of organisms of the same species living together in an ecosystem

6. Habitat Habitat The part of the ecosystem in which an organism lives
Each organism has its own habitat
The habitat supplies everything the organism needs

7. Niche Niche An organism’s role in its environment
Includes everything an organism needs, as well as everything it does, as well as how it interacts with its environment
Two populations with similar needs can share a habitat, however, two populations cannot share the same niche

8. Habitat
Ecosystem
Ecosystem

9. Broad and Narrow Niches
Organisms can have broad or narrow niches
Broad Niche
Organisms are able to live in a variety of places and eat many different foods
Narrow Niche
Organisms that live in one particular habitat, eat only a certain food, and live only in a particular range of conditions

10. Diversity
Refers to the variety of species in an ecosystem, not necessarily the number of species in an ecosystem
A population does not have to be big to be diverse
                                       

11. Which group is more diverse?

12. Why are some ecosystems more diverse than others?
Climate and Location
Ecosystems closer to the equator have more species, so they are more diverse
Coral Reefs, Tropical Rain Forest
Ecosystems closer to the Earth’s poles have fewer species, so they are less diverse

13. High Diversity Areas
                                         
Tropical Rain Forest
Coral Reef

14. Less Diverse Areas
                                           
Antarctica
Snowy Tundra

15. Human Interaction
The actions of humans are making ecosystems less diverse
Removing forests and grasslands, draining swamps, building new roads, houses, and shopping centers

16. Getting Energy All living things need energy to live, eath, and grow
The sun is the source of energy in almost all ecosystems
This makes the Sun the first step in most food chains.

17. Getting Energy Producers An organism that can make its own food
Usually Green Plants
Responsible for Photosynthesis

18. Getting Energy Consumers
Organisms that eats other organisms for energy
2 Types of Consumers
Primary Consumer
Herbivore—animal who eats only plants
Secondary Consumer
Carnivore—animal who eats other animals
Omnivores
Get energy from primary and secondary consumers.

19. Getting Energy Scavengers Decomposers Eat the remains of dead animals
Vultures
Decomposers
Consumers that break down plant and animal remains
Return nutrients to the soil
Completes energy cycle
Bacteria and Fungi

20. Steps of the Energy Cycle
Sun—Producer—Primary Consumer—Secondary Consumer—Scavenger—Decomposer—Producer

21. Getting Energy Food Chain
Sequence of connected producers and consumers
Shows how energy flows through an ecosystem

22. Food Webs Food Web A group of connected food chains in an ecosystem
A change in one population in an ecosystem can affect other populations

23. Energy Pyramid
Shows that energy is lost at EACH LEVEL of the food chain.
90% of energy is lost at each level.
10% of energy is passed on.
Why are there fewer organisms higher on the energy pyramid?
Less energy to support organisms at the top.

24. Population Interaction
Chapter 4
Population Interaction

25. Limiting Factors Factors in an environment that can become limited
Space, light, food, water, air, and nutrients
Can cause competition

26. Carrying Capacity
The largest number of individuals of one species that an ecosystem can support over time
When areas exceed carrying capacity leads to competition for resources

27. Competition
The struggle among organisms for limited resources in an area
When organisms have the same environment, they have different niches or roles

28. Predator-Prey Relationship
Animal that feeds on living things
Prey
Animals that predators eat
More Prey = More Predators
More Predators = Less Pray
Less Prey = Less Predators

29. Predator-Prey Relationships

30. Symbiosis
Close relationships between organisms of different species in which one or both of the organisms benefit
3 Types
Parasitism
Mutualism
Commensalism

31. Parasitism One organism is helped and the other is harmed Parasite
An organism that lives in or on another organism
Host
Organism that a parasite lives in

32. Mutualism Type of symbiosis in which both organisms benefit
Both are helped

33. Commensalism
Type of symbiosis in which one organism is helped and the other is not affected in any way