1. The Economic Case for Investments in Young Children
Rob Grunewald and Art Rolnick
Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis

2. Educational Characteristics of the Labor Force Millions of Workers Age 25 and Over
Source: Ellwood (2001)

3. Four Numbers to Remember
700 per second
18 months
2:1 ratio
3:1 odds
700 per second
--700 new neural connections are formed every second during the first few years of life
18 months
--At 18 months we start to see differences in the number of vocabulary words spoken by children who live in homes with college educated parent and homes with parents on welfare
2:1 ratio
--By the age of 3, children who live in homes with college educated parents use twice as many vocabulary words as children in homes with parents on welfare -- vocab at an early age is a key predictor of future success.
3:1 odds
--A child who has more than six adverse (highly stressful) childhood experiences has a 3-to-1 odds of having heart disease as an adult.

4. Human Brain at Birth
14 Years Old
6 Years Old 4

5. Human Brain Development Synapse Formation Dependent on Early Experiences
Language
Higher Cognitive Function
Sensory Pathways
(Vision, Hearing)
FIRST YEAR
Birth
(Months)
(Years)
Source: C. Nelson (2000)

6. Barriers to Social Mobility Emerge at a Very Young Age
1200
College Educated Parents
600
Cumulative Vocabulary (Words)
Welfare Parents
Differences in development appear very early -- in this instance, differences in vocabulary growth between children in low socio-economic households and high socio-economic households begin to appear as early as 18 months. And as the children grow toward school age, and enter school, the differences only get larger in the absence of intervention.
200
16 mos.
24 mos.
36 mos.
Child’s Age (Months)
Source: Hart & Risley (1995)

7. Risk Factors for Adult Substance Abuse are Embedded in Adverse Childhood Experiences
Self-Report: Alcoholism Self-Report: Illicit Drugs 16 40 % 14 % 35 12 30 10 25 8 20 6 15 4 10 2 5
ACEs 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 5+
Source: Dube et al, Source: Dube et al, 2005

8. Risk Factors for Adult Depression are Embedded in Adverse Childhood Experiences5 4 3
Odds Ratio 2 1 1 2 3 4 5+
ACEs
Source: Chapman et al, 2004

9. Risk Factors for Adult Heart Disease are Embedded in Adverse Childhood Experiences
3.5 3
2.5
Odds Ratio 2
1.5
And it’s not just cognitive development that is affected by early experiences--it’s also social-emotional behaviors and physical health.
This study investigated adults with a history of Adverse Childhood Experiences in early childhood to determine whether these experiences increase the odds that they would experience alcoholism, drug abuse, and a range of unhealthy behaviors later in life. Perhaps not unexpectedly, all of these behaviors increased dramatically in adults who had higher numbers and prevalence of Adverse Childhood Experiences in their early years.
But this graph shows that these experiences also lead to dramatically increased odds of having a range of physical health problems as adults -- in this case, cardiovascular disease. And these trends also appeared for diabetes, hypertension, stroke, obesity, and cancer. 1
0.5 1 2 3 4
5,6
7,8
ACEs
Source: Dong et al, 2004

10. High/Scope Study of Perry Preschool
In early 1960s, 123 children from low-income families in Ypsilanti, Mich.
Children randomly selected to attend Perry or control group.
High-quality program with well trained teachers, daily classroom sessions and weekly home visits.
Tracked participants and control group through age 40.

11. Perry: Educational Effects
Source: High/Scope Educational Research Foundation

12. Perry: Economic Effects at Age 40
Source: High/Scope Educational Research Foundation

13. Perry: Arrested 5 or More Times Before Age 40
Source: High/Scope Educational Research Foundation

14. Perry: Average Number of Months Served in Prison by Age 40
Source: High/Scope Educational Research Foundation

15. Perry Preschool Costs and Benefits Over 62 Years
Source: High/Scope Educational Research Foundation

16. Perry Preschool — Estimated Return on Investment
Benefit-Cost Ratio = $16 to $1
Annual Rate of Return = 18%
Public Rate of Return = 16%

17. Abecedarian, Educational Child Care
Full-day, year-round program near Chapel Hill, N.C. Children from low-income families were randomly selected to attend Abecedarian or control group.   

18. Abecedarian: Educational and Health Effects
Source: Carolina Abecedarian Study

19. Chicago Child-Parent Centers
Half-day, large-scale program in Chicago public schools. Comparison group was a sample of eligible nonparticipants.   

20. Chicago Child-Parent Centers
Source: Arthur Reynolds, et al.

21. Elmira Prenatal/Early Infancy Project Higher-Risk Families
Home visiting program by registered nurses for at-risk mothers, prenatal through first two years of child’s life. Randomly selected participants were compared with a control group.   

22. Elmira Prenatal/Early Infancy Project High-Risk Families
Source: David Olds, et al.

23. Benefit-Cost Ratios for Other Longitudinal Studies
Abecedarian Educational Child Care
$4 to $1
Chicago-Child Parent
$7 to $1
Elmira Prenatal/Early Infancy Project
$5 to $1

24. Short-Run Benefits Allow parents to enter workforce
Reduce absenteeism and turnover
Attract businesses

25. Lessons Learned from Research
Invest in quality
Involve parents
Start early
Reach at-risk population
Teach cognitive and noncognitive skills
Bring to scale

26. Moving Forward Prenatal/early infant home visits for at-risk mothers
Access to health care
Parent education
Quality child care
Access to preschool

28. Business Leadership in Early Childhood Development
Partnership for America’s Economic Success & Committee for Economic Development
Success By 6 – United Way
PNC Financial Services, Gates Foundation
Minnesota Early Learning Foundation

29. “Although education and the acquisition of skills is a lifelong process, starting early in life is crucial. Recent research – some sponsored by the Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis in collaboration with the University of Minnesota – has documented the high returns that early childhood programs can pay in terms of subsequent educational attainment and in lower rates of social problems, such as teenage pregnancy and welfare dependency.”
Remarks by Federal Reserve Board Chairman Ben S. Bernanke
Before the Greater Omaha Chamber of Commerce,
February 6, 2007

30. minneapolisfed.org