1. English Civil War, The Glorious Revolution & the Restoration

2. Magna Carta

3. England 1600

4. King James Stuart I King James VI of Scotland
Inherited Queen Elizabeth I throne ( )
Key questions: how much power should Parliament have.
Believed in Absolutism
Worst struggles w/ Parliament were over money. They were reluctant ot pay for James’s’ expensive court & foreign wars
Offended Puritan members of Parliament
James = Calvinist
only agreed to one Puritan reform: translating the Bible: The King James version

5. King Charles Stuart I 1625 son of James, came to power
Always needed money
At war with Spain and France
Dissolved Parliament several times when they refused him money
1628 force to call Parliament
They refused him any money until he signed a document that is known at the Petition of Rights
Agreed to sign the Petition of Rights

6. Charles I

7. Petition Of Rights No imprisonment w/o due cause
No taxes w/o Parliament’s consent
No housing soldiers in private homes
No martial law in peacetime
Charles signed it & then… Ignored it!!!!!
(even so… it was important b/c it set forth the idea that the law was
HIGHER than the KING

8. King Charles Stuart I & the English Civil War
Offended Puritans by upholding church ritual & a formal prayer book
1637- he tried to force the Presbyterian Scots to accept a version of the Anglican prayer book!
Wanted one religion for both Kingdoms
Scots rebelled, threatening to invade England
Called Parliament to ask for money for the rebellion
Parliament now had a chance to oppose him
1641- Parliament passed laws to limit royal power
1642- Charles tries to arrest Parliament’s leaders; they escaped
Mob of Londoners Raged outside the Palace after the King!
He escaped & raised an army in the North (loyal to him)
– supporters (loyalists or Cavaliers) & opponents (Roundheads) fought a CIVIL WAR
1644- Oliver Cromwell came to defend the Puritan opposition

9. Charles I Tried for Treason & Executed
1647- the loyalists held the King prisoner on charges of treason
1649- Charles was tried for treason, found guilty and EXECUTED!
First King ever to be tried, sentenced and killed by the people

10. Oliver Cromwell & the English Commonwealth

11. Oliver Cromwell Puritan Morality imposed! Sought to reform society
Made laws to promote Puritan morality & abolish “sinful” activities (dancing, theatre, comedy, sports)
Favored religious toleration for all Christians; except Catholics
Became unpopular due to strict religious rules
Son ruled after him, weakly
People began to long for the Monarchy

12. The Restoration & Charles Stuart II
1660- Charles II entered London to cheers of support and celebration for the return of the KING
Restored the theater, sporting events, dancing
Parliament passed an important guarantee of freedom, HABEAS CORPUS
1679- law passed guaranteeing prisoners right to go before a judge & the accuser
Monarch could no longer put people in jail randomly
Died 1685 with no heir

13. James Stuart II (Charles II brother)
1685- became King
Offended the English by flaunting his Catholicism
Appointed many Catholics to high office (illegal)
Parliament protested. James dissolved them
1688- heir born, England became fearful at the prospect of a long line of Catholic Kings

14. William and Mary
James II older daughter (Protestant) was married to William of Orange (Netherlands).
Parliament invited them to overthrow James
William led his army to London
James fled to France (to save his head)
= a BLOODLESS overthrown of a King
THE GLORIOUS REVOLUTION

15. The “Conditions” = A Constitutional Monarchy
William & Mary had to agree to rule according to English Law
They had to sign the Bill of Rights
Recognizing Parliament as their Partner in governing.
No suspending of Parliament’s Laws
No taxes w/o a specific grant from Parliament
No interfering w/ freedom of speech in Parliament
No Penalty for a citizen who complains to the King
William & Mary Consented
Constitutional Monarch is Born

16. Second Treatise on Government
John Locke
Second Treatise on Government

17. Locke’s Second Treatise
I. Biographical/Historical Background
II. State of Nature One
III. Freedom, Liberty, and License
IV. Property and Labor

18. I. Historical Background
John Locke (1632 – 1704)
Enters Oxford in 1651
Studies philosophy, natural history, medicine
Becomes physician and advisor to First Earl of Shaftesbury (big Whig politician)
Reign of Charles II, Charles dies in 1685

19. I. Historical Background
Line of succession issue (Catholic vs. Protestant)
Locke – through Shaftesbury – gets implicated in plot to assassinate James
Leaves England for Holland in 1683
Begins to write anonymous political pamphlets, including the Two Treatises on Government (1689)

20. I. Historical Background
1688 “Glorious Revolution” in England
Replace the Catholic line from James with William and Mary (both Protestant)
Locke was an advisor to William while the two of them were in Holland together
In exchange for throne, William & Mary agreed to a more limited, constitutional monarchy
Signed “Toleration Act” which allowed for religious toleration for most faiths (except Catholicism and Unitarianism)

21. I. Historical Background
Locke lives out his days on government pension
… without further ado, Locke’s Second Treatise

22. II. State of Nature 1 Locke begins Chapter 2:
“To understand political power right, and derive it from its original, me must consider what state all men are naturally in…”
What we need to know, then, is the natural condition of mankind

23. II. State of Nature 1
Continuing with the quote from the opening of Chapter 2
“… and that is a state of perfect freedom to order their actions, and dispose of their possessions, and persons as they think fit, within the bounds of the law of Nature, without asking leave, or depending upon the will of any other man.”
What does that mean?

24. II. State of Nature 1 Individuals living in state of nature
Also seems we need to know 3 things:
Freedom
Law of nature
Property Rights

25. II. Freedom, Liberty, License
Two senses of freedom at work here
Free from any social bonds, which means
Not dependent on the will of any other people
I can do “X” without asking someone else’s approval to do “X”
Bear in mind, he is saying that this freedom is natural; that we naturally are free from any social constraints or relations
Note: to this point in human history, very few people could be said to enjoy freedom in this sense

26. II. Freedom, Liberty, License
But it’s not just any freedom, rather it’s freedom in accord with “the law of nature”
And that law is:
“The state of Nature has a law of Nature to govern it, which obliges every one: and reason, which is that law, teaches all mankind, who will but consult it, that being all equal and independent, no one ought to harm another in his life, health, liberty, or possessions” (chp.2, par 6).

27. II. Freedom, Liberty, License
We get 2 arguments to support this view:
Religious
Each of us is created in God’s image
We don’t have the right to destroy ourselves (as we are God’s creatures), so we can’t have the right to destroy others like us
Secular
“equal and independent” phrase
Moral sympathy and rationality

28. II. Freedom, Liberty, License
Summary
In state of nature we have freedom, which is life in accordance with the law of nature
Distinction between liberty and license
For Locke, liberty is not the right to do everything, but rather to do anything in accordance with the law of nature

29. II. Freedom, Liberty, License
Locke contra Hobbes
Locke basically agrees with the structure of Hobbes’ argument, but disagrees with his account
There is a sense in which people in Hobbes state of nature have freedom, but it is not a freedom we would want; it is self-defeating
But…How can I be free if I must obey a law?

30. II. Freedom, Liberty, License
Drug addict example
Do I want to be the kind of person who smokes crack?
Do I want to smoke crack now? Or now? Or..
Only the first person is truly free, and that person is obeying a rule or law
Freer in that life is more fully an expression of your own will
When following the laws of nature, you are following the dictates of your own reason and nothing else

31. II. Freedom, Liberty, License
In other words, freedom does not mean war… it means peace!
Think of interpersonal interaction … do we need a sovereign to tell us what is right?

32. II. Freedom, Liberty, License
So for Locke, state of nature is when we are all free, indeed it is a state of perfect freedom
Also a state of equality, since no one is forced to submit to any authority higher than the dictates of her own reason

33. II. Freedom, Liberty, License
Chapter 2
“A state also of equality, wherein all the power and jurisdiction is reciprocal, no one having more than another: there being nothing more evident, than that creatures of the same species and rank promiscuously born to all the same advantages of Nature, and the use of the same faculties, should also be equal one amongst another without subordination or subjection, unless the Lord and Master of them all, should by any manifest declaration of his will set one above another, and confer on him by an evident and clear appointment an undoubted right to dominion and sovereignty.”

34. II. Freedom, Liberty, License
For Hobbes, freedom and equality were in large measure responsible for the state of nature being a war of all against all
For Locke, freedom and equality lead to a radically different situation

35. II. Freedom, Liberty, License
“Men living together according to reason, without a common superior on Earth, with authority to judge between them, is properly the state of Nature” (chp. 3, par. 19).

36. II. Freedom, Liberty, License
Which raises the question of why we would ever leave the state of nature? Why not anarchy?
Do we find any problems lurking in the state of nature????

37. English Bill of Rights