1. ENERGY AND LIFE

2. Energy and Life
Plants and some other living things can use light energy from the sun to make food.
Define the term autotroph.
Define the term heterotroph.

3. Adenosine Triphosphate
ATP or Adenosine Triphosphate
ATP is a compound that cells use to store and release energy.
ATP is the basic energy source of all cells
Cells use ATP to carry out many activities.
This includes things like active transport and protein synthesis
ATP is a nucleotide

4. Things to Remember…Nucleotides
Nucleotides are the building blocks of Nucleic Acids like DNA and RNA.
Nucleotides can be used for storing genetic information AND storing huge amount of energy for a short period of time.

5. Where’s the energy at?
When the last phosphate breaks off a ton of energy is released.

7. History of Photosynthesis
Research into photosynthesis began centuries ago.
First, scientists discovered that plants don’t in fact eat dirt.
Second, scientists discovered that plants need light.
Third, scientists discovered that plants excrete oxygen.
Fourth and finally scientist realized that plants use light, carbon dioxide and water to make sugars.

8. Photosynthesis

9. Photosynthesis Formula

10. Chloroplasts and Photosynthesis

11. Chloroplasts and Photosynthesis

12. Light Reactions
This is the first part of photosynthesis that makes small amounts of ATP.
Uses light…shocking, I know.
ATP is used as fuel to run the next part of photosynthesis called the Calvin Cycle.
2 Ingredients
needed to make ATP
2 Products

13. Calvin Cycle The second process in photosynthesis.
This portion does not need sunlight, but instead uses ATP made from the previous reaction.
Breaks up CO2 using ATP to make sugar
2 Ingredients
needed to make sugar
1 Product
from the Calvin Cycle

14. Rates of Photosynthesis
Temperature can influence the rate of photosynthesis.
Low temp. = slow;
Mod temp = quick;
High temp = STOP
Carbon Dioxide levels can influence the rate of photosynthesis.
Low CO2 = slow;
Mod/High CO2 = quick;
High CO2= stopping increasing
Light Intensity can influence the rate of photosynthesis.
Low LI = slow;
Mod/High LI = quick;
High LI = stopping increasing

15. Rate of Photosynthesis

16. Rate of Photosynthesis

17. Rate of Photosynthesis

18. Chemical Pathways Food is the energy source for cells.
The energy in food is measured in calories.
Cells gradually breakdown food compounds or glucose to release energy.

19. Anaerobic Respiration
Anaerobic Respiration: refers to the breakdown of molecular bonds in the absence of oxygen to produce energy.
It is also known as Fermentation

20. Anaerobic Cellular Respiration
An = not or without
Aero = oxygen
Respiration = to make or create ATP from food sources.

21. Anaerobic Respiration
GLYCOLYSIS
First form of respiration to evolve
First step in all forms of respiration
Ends in the creation of 2 pyruvate molecules
Makes 4 ATP (very, very little)
NET GAIN IS 2 ATP

22. Glycolysis
Glyco = sugar
Lysis = to break or to cut

23. Glycolysis
Glycolysis is the process by which a glucose molecule is split in half.

24. Anaerobic Respiration

25. Anaerobic Respiration
Latic Acid Fermentation
Occurs in animal muscle tissue
Causes pain
Allows glycolysis to continue
Does not make ATP on it’s own; makes LACTATE
Due to second run of glycolysis
NET GAIN IS 2 additional ATP

26. Lactic Acid Pathway/Fermentation

27. Lactic Acid build up.

28. Anaerobic Respiration
Alcoholic Fermentation
Widely used commercially to produce alcoholic beverages
Occurs in low/no oxygen situations
Allows glycolysis to continue
Does not make ATP on it’s own; makes ETHANOL & CARBON DIOXIDE
Due to second run of glycolysis
NET GAIN IS 2 additional ATP

29. Alcoholic Fermentation

30. Alcoholic Fermentation

31. Alcoholic Fermentation

32. What will happen to Respiration if oxygen is around?

33. Aerobic Respiration Occurs within the MITOCHONDRIA
Aerobic Respiration: refers to the breakdown of molecular bonds in the presence of oxygen to produce energy.
Occurs within the MITOCHONDRIA

34. MITOCHONDRIA Found in both plants and animals
Cristae folds: increase inner surface area of the inner membrane
ENDOSYMBIONT

35. Anaerobic versus Aerobic Respiration

36. Aerobic Cellular Respiration