1. Introduction to the Kingdoms of Life
Chapter 19
Introduction to the Kingdoms of Life

2. I. The Three Domains of Life
For decades, scientists recognized two basic forms of life, prokaryotes and eukaryotes that were grouped into five kingdoms
All prokaryotes were grouped into the Kingdom Monera

3. Comparisons of ribosomal RNA sequences showed that there was a distinction between two ‘types’ of prokaryotes
There is now a classification system that divides all organisms into three superkingdoms, or domains

4. A. Bacteria
The domain thought to be the oldest
First prokaryotic domain
Composed of organisms in the kingdom Eubacteria

5. B. Archaea
Second prokaryotic domain
Composed of organisms in the kingdom Archaebacteria

6. C. Eukarya
Consists of four eukaryotic kingdoms
1. Animalia
2. Fungi
3. Plantae
4. Protista

7. II. The Six Kingdoms of Life
A. Cell Type
Prokaryotes or Eukaryotes
B. Cell Walls
C. Body Type
Unicellular or multicellular
D. Nutrition
1. Autotrophs make nutrients from inorganic materials
2. Heterotrophs get nutrients by consuming other organisms

8. III. The Domain Bacteria (the kingdom Eubacteria)
A. Characteristics of Bacteria
1. Cell Wall
Strong exterior cell walls made of peptidoglycan
Start Kingdoms of Life Concept Map

9. 2. Gene Structure
Bacteria genes have no introns
The entire gene is transcribed

10. 3. Gene Translation Apparatus
Evolutionary relationships between organisms are based on their amino acid sequences
Amino acid sequences of bacteria’s ribosome proteins and RNA polymerases differ from sequences found in archaea and eukaryotes

11. B. Kinds of Bacteria
Most abundant organisms on Earth
Used for:
1. processing food (turns milk into yogurt)
2. controlling agricultural pests
3. producing various chemicals
4. performing genetic engineering

12. Source of energy
1. from inorganic compounds i.e. ammonia and methane (autotrophic)
2. photosynthesis (autotrophic)
- found in ocean and freshwater ecosystems
3. heterotrophic
a. capable of living in the absence of oxygen (anaerobic)
b. must have oxygen to live (aerobic)

13. IV. The Domain Archaea (The Kingdom Archaebacteria)
A. Characteristics of Archaebacteria
1. Cell wall and membrane
Archaebacteria cell walls do not contain peptidoglycan
Instead contain lipids very different from those of bacteria or eukaryotes

14. 2. Gene Structure and Translation
Genes are interrupted by introns

15. B. Kinds of Archaebacteria
1. Methanogens
Obtain energy by combining hydrogen gas, H2 and carbon dioxide, CO2, to form methane gas, CH4 (autotrophic)
Live deep in the mud of swamps
Poisoned by oxygen (anaerobic)

16. 2. Extremophiles a. thermophiles – live in very hot places b
2. Extremophiles a. thermophiles – live in very hot places b. halophiles – inhabit very salty lakes that can be three times as salty as seawater c. other live in very acidic places d. others live under enormous pressure

17. 3. Nonextreme Archaebacteria
Grow in all the same environments that bacteria do
Some are heterotrophic

18. V. The Domain Eukarya
Made up of the kingdoms Protista, Fungi, Plantae, and Animalia
A. Characteristics of Eukarya
1. Highly organized cell interior
Cells have a nucleus and other internal compartments
- allows specialization of functions

19. 2. Multicellularity
Occurs only in eukaryotes
Cells are in contact with one another
Activities of individuals are coordinated

20. 3. Sexual Reproduction
Meiotic cell division forms haploid (n) gametes, and two gametes unite to form a diploid (2n) cell in fertilization

21. B. Kinds of Eukaryotes 1. Protista 2. Fungi 3. Plantae

22. 4. Animals
Sponges
Mollusks
Worms
Arthropods
Echinoderm
Vertebrates

23. VI. Forms of Multicellularity
A. Colonies
Occasionally, the cell walls of unicellular bacteria adhere to one another permanently
Few cell activities are coordinated; there is a lack of communication

24. B. Aggregations
An aggregation is a temporary collection of cells that come together for a period of time and then separate

25. C. True Multicellularity
A multicellular organism is an organism composed of many cells that are permanently associated with one another
Occurs only in eukaryotes
Cells are in contact with each other and their activities are coordinated
Enables cells to specialize in different functions
Cell specialization begins as a new organism develops, or undergoes differentiation

27. D. Complex Multicellularity
Specialized cells of most plants and animals are organized into structures called tissues and organs
Various organs that carry out a major body function make up an organ system

28. Defined as eukaryotes that are not fungi, plants, or animals
VII. Kingdom Protista
Most diverse kingdom
Defined as eukaryotes that are not fungi, plants, or animals
Some are multicellular but others are unicellular
All protists have a cell membrane
- some also have strong cell walls i.e. algae and slime molds
- others also produce shells of glassy silica i.e. diatoms
Continue Kingdoms of Life Concept Map

29. Some are autotrophs while others are heterotrophs
Most move around using flagella, cilia, or pseudopods
Normally reproduce asexually by mitotic cell division

30. Some are photosynthetic
- algae is distinguished by the kinds of chlorophyll they contain
Some are fungus like
Some are spore-forming i.e. sporozoans

31. VIII. Kingdom Fungi
Most are multicellular, yeasts are unicellular
Cell walls contain chitin
The bodies of fungi consist of hyphae, long strands of cells that are connected end to end and that share cytoplasm

32. Reproduce asexually or sexually
Lack the green pigment chlorophyll and do not conduct photosynthesis
All are heterotrophic

33. A. Kinds of Fungi
1. Zygomycetes i.e. bread mold
Form structures called zygosporangia for sexual reproduction

34. 2. Basidiomycetes
Form mushroom structures for sexual reproduction

35. Form sexual pores in special saclike structures called asci
3. Ascomycetes
Form sexual pores in special saclike structures called asci
Active Reading Section 2 p. 9

36. IX. Kingdom Plantae
Complex multicellular organisms with specialized cells and tissues
ex. Vascular tissue is made up of specialized cells that play a role in transporting water and dissolved nutrients
Cell walls composed of cellulose

37. Portable reproductive structures, such as spores and seed, enable the dispersal of plants
Autotrophs, primary producers
- provide nutritional foundations for most terrestrial ecosystems

38. A. Kinds of Plants
1. Nonvascular Plants
i.e. mosses
Lack the tissue to transport water and nutrients

39. 2. Seedless Vascular Plants
i.e. ferns
Reproduce with spores that are resistant to drying

40. 3. Nonflowering Seed Plants
i.e. Pine trees
Called gymnosperms
Produce seeds in cones

41. 4. Flowering Seed Plants
i.e. Bluebonnets, grasses, oaks
Called angiosperms
Produce seeds in fruits

42. X. Kingdom Animalia
Multicellular; cells are mostly diploid (2n), lack a cell wall, and are organized as tissues
Most reproduce sexually
- gametes fuse with one another to form a zygote that then gradually develops into an adult through several developmental stages
99% are invertebrates; that is, they lack a backbone
The rest are vertebrates that have a backbone

43. A. Kinds of Animals
1. Sponges and Cnidarians
Sponges are the only animals that do not have tissues
- they do however, have specialized cells
Cnidarians include jellyfish, sea anemones, and corals

44. 2. Mollusks
Have a saclike tissue called a coelom that encloses internal organs
Include snails, oysters, clams, octopuses, and squids

45. 3. Worms
Includes worms with a specialized internal sac for organs and segmented worms

46. 4. Arthropods
Most diverse of all animals
Have external skeletons
Jointed appendages
i.e. antennae and jaws

47. 5. Echinoderms
Include sea stars, sea urchins, and sand dollars
Many are able to regenerate a lost limb

48. 6. Vertebrates
Include mammals, fish, birds, reptiles, and amphibians
Have an internal skeleton made of bone
A vertebral column that surrounds the spinal cord
Have a head with a brain contained in a bony skull