1. 7.1
What Are Earthquakes?

2. Describe what happens during an earthquake.

3. Earthquakes
The movements or shaking of the ground
Mostly take place at plate boundaries

4. ..\..\..\Desktop\Power point clips\1.SeismicityGlobal_Low.mov
Earthquakes
..\..\..\Desktop\Power point clips\1.SeismicityGlobal_Low.mov

5. Earthquakes

6. Joke of the day What do you call a cow during an earthquake?
A milkshake.

7. Earthquakes at Divergent Boundaries
Two tectonic plates pull away from one another
Tension
Normal fault
Happens at mid-ocean ridge

8. Earthquakes at Convergent Boundaries
Two tectonic plates collide.
This causes a mountain or subduction (one plate moves over another).
Compression
Reverse fault
Plates thrust over one another
Happens at subduction zones

9. Earthquakes at Transform Boundaries
Two plates move past one another horizontally
Shearing
Strike-slip fault
Happens mostly between plates made of oceanic lithosphere, but does happen between continental lithosphere.
Occur at shallow depths

10. Why do earthquakes happen at transform boundaries?
At transform boundaries, shear stress causes the rock to break into a series of blocks. The blocks form a series of strike-slip faults. Earthquakes happen along the strike-slip faults when stress becomes too great.

11. Boundaries

12. Fault Zones
Places along plate boundaries where large numbers of interconnected faults are located
Example: San Andreas fault zone

13. Joke Of the Day
Here in California, when a bridge falls down, who’s fault is it?
San Andrea’s fault

14. Fault Zones

15. Why Earthquakes Happen
Plastic deformation – deform like clay being molded
Elastic deformation – rock is stretched like a rubber band

16. (when elastic deformation returns to its original shape)
Elastic rebound
(when elastic deformation returns to its original shape)
Causes fault to jerk and break
Leads to earthquakes
Energy is released
seismic waves- energy travels through rock
..\..\..\Desktop\Power point clips\1.Block-EQMachine-Basic.mov

17. How does elastic rebound cause earthquakes?
Tectonic forces push rock on either side of a fault in opposite directions. Because the rock is locked together, it does not move and deforms in an elastic manner. When enough stress builds up, the rock along the fault fails, the blocks of rock on either side of the fault move, and energy is released as an earthquake.

18. Earthquake Waves
Body Waves (Seismic waves) – waves that travel through Earth’s interior
P Waves
Pressure waves or primary waves
First waves to be detected
Travel through solids, liquids, and gases
S Waves
Shear waves or secondary waves
Move side to side
Cannot travel through liquids
Slower than P waves

19. How do P waves and S waves differ in the way that they transfer energy?
P waves transfer energy by squeezing and stretching rock. S waves transfer energy by shearing rock horizontally form side to side.

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P Waves
..\..\..\Desktop\Power point clips\1.P-Wave.mov
S Waves
..\..\..\Desktop\Power point clips\2.S-Wave.mov

21. Surface Waves
Move only along the Earth’s surface.
Cause the most damage
Travels slower than body waves
One type is rolling, up and down motion
Another type is back and forth motion

22. Explain why surface waves are the most destructive type of seismic waves.
The energy of surface waves is concentrated at the surface of Earth. Therefore, surface waves tend to cause a lot of damage.

23. Seismic Waves
..\..\video clips\7.1 What is an earthquake\Investigating_Earthquakes__Movement_in_the_Earth_s_Crust.asf

24. Review Questions
Describe the three types of plate motion and the faults that are characteristic of each motion.
Normal faults are characteristic of divergent motion, where plates pull apart. Reverse faults are characteristic of convergent motion, where plates collide. Strike-slip faults are characteristic of transform motion, where plates slide past each other horizontally.

25. How do the locations of earthquakes support the theory of plate tectonics?
Most earthquakes occur at tectonic plate boundaries rather than in the interior of tectonic plates. This indicates that most active faults occur at tectonic plate boundaries as a result of plate motion.
Why are surface waves more destructive to buildings than P waves or S waves are?
Surface waves are more destructive to buildings than P waves and S waves are because the energy of surface waves is concentrated at Earth’s surface.

26. 4. Imagine that you are splashing water in a pool
4. Imagine that you are splashing water in a pool. Explain how you could model each type of seismic wave. Then, try to explain why S waves do not travel through liquids.
You could model P waves in a swimming pool by pushing water out in front and away from you. You could not model S waves in a swimming pool, and S waves do not move through liquid, because you cannot create a shearing motion by pushing liquid back and forth. You could model surface waves in a swimming pool by bobbin up and down in the pool, which would create an up and down motion in the water.

27. Review 7.1 Earthquake Body waves P wave S wave Surface waves
Seismic waves
Elastic deformation
Elastic rebound
Normal fault
Reverse fault
Strike-slip fault
Stress on Earth because of plate movement