1. 2nd Annual International Conference Northwest University, Kano
STUDY OF BIOMEDICAL WASTE MANAGEMENT IN SURGICAL THEATRES OF SOME SELECTED HOSPITALS IN URBAN KANO, NORTHERN NIGERIA. BY
Imam, T. S., and Sani, M. Biological Sciences Department, Bayero University,Kano,
P.M.B. 3011,Kano,Nigeria
Corresponding Author’s E.mail Address: GSM: ,
Paper
2nd Annual International Conference Northwest University, Kano
Kano 2016

2. INTRODUCTION
Non infectious or general waste consists of other wastes similar in property to those generated in home. This category are treated just like municipal wastes.
Sharp wastes
Soiled wastes
Anatomical Waste
Some Hazardous and Infectious BMWs

3. Increase in demand for healthcare services.
Statement of Problem
Increase in demand for healthcare services.
Led complex environmental problems.
The problem proper management of BMW (Askarian, et al., 2011).
Urban Kano is no exception.
Harbors many public hospitals, and over 80% of the registered private hospitals are also located there (PHIRU, 2015).
Improper BMW Disposal

4. Study Design and Sample Sites
MATERIALS AND METHOD
Study Design and Sample Sites
The study was designed to include two HCFs (one public and the other private) from each of the six local governments constituting Urban Kano, making a total of twelve (12) HCFs. The HCFs were chosen based on possession of a functional theatre.

5. Fig 1: Map of Urban Kano and the Sampling Sites
KEY
T1 = AKTH
T2 = AL-NOURI SPEC. HOSP
K1 = MMSH
K2 = HEAL TUNE
F1 = SHEIKH M JIDDA
F2 = AMFANI I KABOMO
G1 = MARMARA MATERN.
G2 = GETWELL
N1 = MAWSH, NASSARAWA
N2 = AREWA MED. CONS.
D1 = SABO BAKIN ZUWO
D2 = ZAKIRAI NURS. HOME
Fig 1: Map of Urban Kano and the Sampling Sites

6. Questionnaire Design
A structured questionnaires for MWM was designed and administered to the theater attendants to capture the strategies employed in waste management.
BMW Characterization and Quantification
Characterization of the BMW was carried out as per the classification of BMW suggested by WHO (2005).
Quantification of the BMW in all the HCFs was carried out using digital spring scale (Kheradpisheh and Salehii, 2013).

7. Plate 1: Yellow Biohazard Sack for Infectious Wastes
Plate 2: Black Sack for General Wastes

8. Plate 3: Electronic Spring Scale Used in Weighing the Waste
Plate 4: BMW being Weighted

9. Result Table 2: Socio-demographic Distribution of the Respondents
Educational Status
Primary
12 (15)
Secondary
64 (79)
Tertiary
05 (6)
Age (years)
15 (19)
20 – 29
30 – 39
45 (56)
40 – 49
21 (26)
>49
Sex
Male
72 (89)
Female
09 (11)
Working Experience (years)
<1
03 (04)
1 – 3
3 – 5
10 (12)
5 – 7
19 (23)
>7
37 (46)

10. Result cont. Table 3: Response on Waste Segregation/sorting
Question
Responses (%) (%)
Yes No
Total 1.
Are medical waste segregated?
21(26)
60 (74)
81 (100) 2.
Who segregate the Waste?
Cleaning staff
2 (10)
Medical staff
8 (38)
Cleaning and medical staff
I don’t know
3 (14)
21 (100) 3.
Where segregation is taking place?
At the point of generation
16 (76)
After waste is collected
05 (24)
At the waste storage. -

11. Plate 5: Absence of Waste Segregation.
Plate 6: Poor Segregation Practice

12. Plate 7: Good Segregation Practice
Plate 8: Poor Segregation Practice

13. Table 4: Response on Containers and Waste Sacks
Result cont.
Table 4: Response on Containers and Waste Sacks
Question
Responses (%)
Yes No
Total 1.
Are containers identified and distinguished?
30 (37)
51 (63)
81 (100) 2.
Are waste sacks subjected to tear?
19 (23)
62 (77) 3.
Are measures carried out to prevent leaking?
57 (70)
24 (30) 4.
Are waste sacks transferred easily?
73 (90)
08 (10)

14. Result cont. Question Responses (%) Yes No Total 1.
Table 5: Survey Question Regarding Medical Waste Storage
Question
Responses (%)
Yes No
Total 1.
Where is medical waste stored temporarily?
Waste sacks
05 (6)
Special vessels
46 (57)
Normal plastic containers
30 (37)
81 (100) 2.
Is there specific mark showing the storage area?
08 (10)
73 (90) 3.
Is the storage area sufficient?
48 (59)
33 (41) 4.
Is the storage area closed properly?
39 (48)
42 (52) 5.
Is the storage protected well?
38 (47)
43 (53) 6.
Is there any storage area outside?
3 (4)
78 (96)

15. Plate 11: Poor Storage Container for BMW

16. Plate 12: Poor Storage Container for BMW
Plate 13: Good Storage Container for BMW

17. Result cont. Table 6: Treatment, Transportation, and Disposal of Waste
Question
Responses (%)
Yes No
Total 1.
Are MW treated before disposal?
24 (30)
57 (70)
81 (100) 2.
Which of the following treatments are available?
Autoclaving of waste
02 (9)
Incineration
07 (29)
Encapsulation of sharps
10 (42)
Waste burial within the HCF -
Chemical disinfection of body fluid 3.
How are MW transported outside?
Open vehicle
52 (64)
Closed vehicle
23 (28)
I don’t know
06 (8) 4.
Where is the final destination of the waste?
Municipal dumping sites
37 (46)
Landfills
18 (22)
Jakara river
03 (4)

18. Plate 14: Poor Disposal of Some Infectious BMW
Plate 15: Poor Disposal of Biohazard Bags

19. Plate 16: Poor Disposal of Sharps

20. Plate 17a: A Locally Built Incinerator for Burning Wastes
Plate 17b: An Electrical Incinerator for Burning Wastes
Plate 17c: Sharp Boxes Ready to be Incinerated

21. Result cont. Characterization and Quantification of BMW.
Figure 12: Average Quantity of Waste Generated by Hospitals Category

22. Conclusion
The results obtained indicated that proper medical waste management is poorly executed in most of the hospitals studied in Kano Metropolis.
Meanwhile, in places where there is some degree of management, there is waste segregation to minimize the quantity of the wastes generated, partial separation of sharps, and incineration treatment option.
However, most often the incinerator is overworked unnecessary by burning of wastes that ought to be disposed of with general wastes. This practice may have negative effects on the life span of the incinerator.

23. Recommendation
There is need to implement the recommendations made in the draft document, National Health Care Waste Management plan (NHCWMP).
The segregation of waste at source should be the main focus of each HCF.
There is also need for training and refresher courses to all stakeholders.
The hospitals at their own levels should also develop waste management policy that will guide them on the various aspects of BMWM.

24. THANK YOU FOR AUDIENCE