1. 18
The Beginnings of Modernization: Industrialization and Nationalism,

2. Britain in the Industrial Revolution
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3. The Industrial Revolution and Its Impact
The Industrial Revolution in Great Britain
**Began in Britain because of its surplus of labor (Agriculture Revolution), ready supply of capital for investment, and ample supplies of mineral resources-coal and iron ore, needed in manufacturing process.
Europe shifted from an economy based on agriculture and handicrafts to an economy based on manufacturing by machines and automated factories
Population growth because of cheap food production

4. Changes in Textile Production
-New technologies: Flying shuttle (made weaving on a loom faster and enabled weavers to double their output)
James Hargreaves, spinning jenny, 1768 ( allowed spinners to produce yarn in greater quantities )
Edmund Cartwright, power loom, 1787(powered by water allowed weaving of cloth to catch up with yarn)
James Watt, rotary steam engine, 1782 (could pump water from mines three times as quickly as previous engines.
Cotton textile production- Britain imported 2.5 million pounds of raw cotton imported in 1760, and 366 million by 1840

5. Industrialization of Europe
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6. Technological Changes
Iron Industry
Henry Cort, invented a system called Puddling, in which coke, which was derived from coal, was used to burn away impurities in pig iron (crude iron) and produce an iron high quality
Railroad
Richard Trevithick, steam-powered locomotive on an industrial rail line in southern Wales, it pulled 10 tons of ore and seventy people at 5 miles per hour
George Stephenson, Rocket, 1830, sped along at 16 miles per hour
Ripple effect
Prices of goods fall; markets grow larger; increased sales mean more factories and machinery; thus, self-sustaining
The Industrial Factory
New workers (from peasants), working regular hours and in shifts
Factories work discipline-fines, dismissals, and beating of children

7. Spread of Industrialization
Spread to Europe first-Belgium, France, and the German States
Government role- Britain-gave grants to inventors and in building roads, canals, and railroads
Creation and use of joint-stock investment banks
United States
Internal transportation; large territories, so built canals, roads, and railroads, and used river transportation
Labor- many textile workers were women and from rural areas
Growing population, 30 million by 1860 (larger than Britain’s)

8. Limiting the Spread of Industrialization to the Rest of the World
Russia was largely rural and agricultural ruled by an autocratic regime that preferred to keep peasants in serfdom
India exported cotton cloth produced by hand labor
Purchase British-made goods

9. Social Impact of the Industrial Revolution
Population Growth and Urbanization
European population 140 million in 1750 and 266 million by 1850
Decline of death rate
Increased food supply
Growth of cities
Poor living conditions
Sanitation -poor

10. Social Impact of the Industrial Revolution (cont.’d)
New Social Classes: The Industrial Middle Class
New bourgeois-people who were involved in commerce, industry, banking, and other professionals
Constructed the factories, purchased the machines, figured out where the markets were
Reduce the barriers between themselves and the landed elite
New Social Classes: The Industrial Working Class- Proletariat
Poor working conditions-12 to 16 hours a day, 6 days a week, with half hour for lunch/dinner
Women and children-made up two-thirds of cotton industry, women dominated the labor force after Factory Act- lessened child labor

11. Efforts at Change
Socialism- product of intellectuals who believed in the equality of all people and wanted to replace competition with cooperation in industry.
Theories became known as Utopian socialists- Robert Owen reformed New Lanark in Scotland to meet Utopian standards, tried it again in Indiana, and it failed
Trade unions were formed by skilled workers in a number of new industries and were to strike if demands not met

12. Reaction and Revolution: The Growth of Nationalism
Conservative Order
Vienna peace settlement, 1814-establish peace settlements after the Napoleonic Wars
Prince Klemens von Metternich ( )- guided to Vienna by the principle of legitimacy; goal was to restore legitimate monarchs to preserve traditional institutions
Concert of Europe-later called principle of intervention-send armies into countries to prevent revolutions and restore rightful monarchs

13. Forces for Change Liberalism Nationalism
Protection of civil liberties- representative, but limited government
Guaranteed by a document
Right to vote to men of property only
Nationalism
Common institutions, traditions, language, and customs
Each nationality should have a government
Becomes a threat to the existing order ex. German states, Austrian Empire, Itlay

14. Centers of Revolt in
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15. The Revolutions of 1848 France Agricultural depression, 1846
Refusal to extend suffrage (right to vote) to the middle class
King Louis-Philippe, , overthrown February 24, 1848
Provisional government, called for universal male suffrage
Second Republic established, November 4, 1848
Charles Louis Napoleon Bonaparte (Napoleon’s nephew) elected president

16. Revolution in Central Europe
The German Confederation- was established in 1815-recognized 38 sovereign states
Prussian king, Frederick William IV, ( )-agreed to establish new constitution and work for united Germany
Frankfurt Assembly: hopes (universal suffrage) failed-rulers didn’t accept new constitution
Revolution in Austria in March, 1848 –consisted of 11 ethnic groups, Germans were dominate and Hungarians wanted own legislature- revolution failed b/c Russian army helped Austria

17. Independence and the Development of the National State in Latin America
Nationalistic Revolts- in Latin American colonies; European control weakened by Napoleonic wars
Enlightenment affects the creole class (whites born in new world) who wanted to replace peninsulars (white Europeans)
*Mexico
Divisions within Mexico-Hidalgo organized natives to revolt on September 16, 1810, revolution failed-Hidalgo sentenced to death; however, this day is celebrated as Mexico’s Independence Day
Augustin de Iturbide, first leader and emperor of Mexico, creoles and peninsulars combined forces and defeated the Spanish in 1821

18. Independence and the Development of the National State in Latin America
South America- Independent movements were the work of the elites who wanted control of the government (natives gained little from revolts)
José de San Martín ( ) freed Argentina from Spanish authority in 1810, as well as Chile
Believed all of Latin America should be liberated
Simón Bolívar ( ) gained independence for Venezuela, New Grenada (Colombia), and Ecuador
He then joined San Martin and together they liberated Peru

19. Latin America in the Early Nineteenth Century
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20. Difficulties of Nation Building
Problems of independence- no experience, loss of population, property, and livestock
Caudillos come to power-ruled by military force
Economic dependence- now on Britain rather than Spain
No industrial revolution- continued to produce raw materials for export
Domination by landed elites

21. Nationalism in the Balkans: The Ottoman Empire and the Eastern Question
Ottoman control of the Balkans declines
Crimean War, Christian holy place in Palestine in question
Russians invaded Moldavia and Wallachia
Ottoman Turks declare war, October, 4, 1853
Britain and France fear Russians would gain an advantage, declare war on Russia, March 28, 1854
Florence Nightingale- nurse who saved many lives, and made nursing a profession for middle class women
Treaty of Paris, 1855-ended war, Russia forced to give up territories
War destroyed the Concert of Europe
Results of the war- Austria and Russia chief powers, but bitter enemies

22. The Balkans in 1830

23. National Unification and the National State: 1848-1871
The Unification of Italy –King Victor Emmanuel II named
Count Camillo di Cavour ( ) as prime minister in 1852
He allied Piedmont (wealthy Italian territory) with France against Austria
Austria was defeated; Peace settlement:
Kingdom of Piedmont gets Lombardy
Other northern Italian states join Piedmont
Guiseppe Garibaldi ( ); invaded Sicily with a small army of Red shirts, defeated and captured The Kingdom of the Two Sicilies
Turned captured land turned over to Cavour
King Victor Emmanuel II ( )
New Kingdom of Italy proclaimed, March 17, 1861-Rome capitol (1871)

24. The Unification of Italy

25. The Unification of Germany
King William I ( ) appointed Count Otto von Bismarck ( ) as prime minister
Realpolitik (the politics of reality) was known as a realist; ignored Prussian Parliament
He annexed Schleswig and Holstein after the defeat of Denmark in 1864
Austro-Prussian War, 1866 –Austria defeated
North German Confederation was organized
Franco-Prussian War, defeated French army
January 18, 1871, William I of Prussia named Kaiser or emperor of Second German Empire
Affects of unification- was a triumph of authoritarian and military values over liberal and constitutional values

26. Ethnic groups within the Austrian Empire
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27. Nationalism and Reform: Great Britain, France, the Austrian Empire, and Russia
Great Britain: Age of Victoria ( )- managed to avoid revolutionary upheavals that occurred on the continent
Reform Act of male suffrage expanded
Social and political reform in 1850s and 1860s- more rights for the factory workers
France
Louis Napoleon, Napoleon III ( )- elected by his people
Economic growth and development- industrialization and public projects
Reconstruction of Paris- underground sewage system, new public water supply, etc.
Opposition grew in 1860s and Napoleon ousted in War with Prussia

28. Austria Russia Problems of ethnic nationalism
Austria's defeat in the Austro-Prussian War, 1866, forced Austrians to deal with the nationalistic Hungarians
Ausgleich, Compromise of 1867 creates a Duel Empire Austria-Hungary with a single monarch, Francis Joseph ( )
Russia
Tsar Alexander II ( )
Reforms-issued emancipation edict-peasants free to own property and marry as they chose –failed
Was assassinated and his son, Alexander III, was against any reforms

29. The United States and Canada in the Nineteenth Century
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30. Growth of the United States
Andrew Jackson ( )
Jacksonian democracy (1830’s)- all white males could vote (no property requirements)
Slavery
Cotton economy of the South
Northern fear that slavery would spread
Abraham Lincoln elected in 1860, seven southern states formed the Confederate States and seceded
Civil War ( )
War to save the Union-600,000 died
Emancipation Proclamation, January 1, 1863
April 9, 1865, Confederate States surroundered

31. The Emergence of a Canadian Nation
Treaty of Paris, 1763, Canada was transferred from France to Britain
Upper Canada (now Ontario) was British and Lower Canada (Quebec) was largely French
British Parliament formally joined Upper and Lower Canada into United Provinces of Canada
John Macdonald- became advocate on self-governing
British North American Act, 1867 was passed granting Canada independence-Macdonald first Prime Minister

32. Cultural Life: Romanticism
Characteristics of Romanticism
Interest in the past-Gothic literature
Mary Shelley -Frankenstein
Attraction to the exotic and unfamiliar
Poetry ranked above all other forms-love of nature
William Wordsworth ( )
Believed that nature served as a mirror
Artistic expression was to reflect inner feelings
Eugene Delacroix ( )

33. A New Age of Science Technological advances
Louis Pasteur ( ) -- germ theory of disease
Dmitri Mendeleev ( ) -- periodic law
Acceptance of the scientific method
Charles Darwin ( ) -- organic evolution; survival of the fittest

34. Realism in Literature and Art
Rejected Romanticism
Ordinary characters from natural life
Gustave Flaubert ( )
Madame Bovary
Gustave Courbet ( )
Realistic portrayals of life
The Stonebreakers

35. Discussion Questions
Why did the Industrial Revolution emerge in Britain first?
How did nationalism and liberalism contribute to the Revolutions of 1848?
Compare and contrast the process of national unification in Italy and Germany.
Describe the attitude of the Romantics toward nature and history.