1. Chapter 20 Galaxies and the Foundation of Modern Cosmology

2. Hubble Deep Field
Our deepest images of the universe show a great variety of galaxies, ________________________
_________________________________________.

3. Galaxies and Cosmology
A galaxy’s age, its distance, and the age of the universe are all closely related.
The study of galaxies is thus intimately connected with ________________ - the study of the structure and evolution of the universe.

4. What are the three major types of galaxies?
Hubble Ultra Deep Field

5. Spiral Galaxies

6. Components of a Spiral Galaxy

7. __________________________:
stars of all ages, many gas clouds
________________________________:
bulge and halo, old stars, few gas clouds

8. Disk component:
stars of all ages,
many gas clouds
Spheroidal component:
bulge and halo, old stars,
few gas clouds

9. ________________________________: has a bar of stars across the bulge
Insert TCP 6e Figure 20.4
________________________________: has a bar of stars
across the bulge

10. ____________________________:
has a disk like a spiral galaxy but much less dusty gas (intermediate between spiral and elliptical)

11. _____________________________:
all spheroidal component, virtually no disk component
______________ color indicates older star population.

12. _____________________
__________________color indicates ongoing star formation.

13. Hubble’s galaxy classes
Spheroid
dominates
Disk dominates

14. How are galaxies grouped together?

15. Spiral galaxies are often found in ______________ of galaxies (up to a few dozen galaxies).

16. Elliptical galaxies are much more common in huge _______________ of galaxies (hundreds to thousands of galaxies).

17. How do we measure the distances to galaxies?

18. Brightness alone does not provide enough information to measure the distance to an object.

19. Step 1
__________________________________________________________________________________________

20. Step 2
Determine the distances of stars out to a few hundred light-years using _______________.

21. Luminosity passing through each sphere is the same.
Area of sphere:
4π (radius)2
Divide luminosity by area to get brightness.
__________________________________

22. Luminosity Brightness = 4π (distance)2
The relationship between apparent brightness and luminosity depends on distance:
Luminosity
Brightness =
4π (distance)2
We can determine a star’s distance if we know its luminosity and can measure its apparent brightness:
Distance =
4π x Brightness
A ________________________ is an object whose luminosity we can determine without measuring its distance.

23. Step 3
The apparent brightness of a star cluster’s main sequence tells us its ____________.

24. Insert TCP 6e Figure 15.16
Knowing a star cluster’s distance, we can determine the luminosity of each type of star within it.

25. ______________________stars are very luminous.

26. Step 4
Because the period of Cepheid variable stars tells us their luminosities, we can use them as _______________________.

27. Cepheid variable stars with longer periods have greater luminosities.

28. ____________________ supernovae can also be used as standard candles.

29. Step 5
The apparent brightness of a white dwarf supernova tells us the distance to its galaxy (up to 10 billion light-years).

30. ____________________________
Entire galaxies can also be used as standard candles because a galaxy’s luminosity is related to its rotation speed.

31. We measure galaxy distances using a chain of interdependent techniques.

32. How did Hubble prove that galaxies lie far beyond the Milky Way?

33. The Puzzle of “Spiral Nebulae”
Before Hubble, some scientists argued that “__________ ____________” were entire galaxies like our Milky Way, while others maintained they were smaller collections of stars within the Milky Way.
The debate remained unsettled until Edwin Hubble finally measured their distances.

34. Hubble settled the debate by measuring the distance to the ______________________ __________________using Cepheid variables as standard candles.

35. What is Hubble’s law?

36. The spectral features of virtually all galaxies are ____________________, which means that they’re all _______________________________.

37. By measuring distances to galaxies, Hubble found that redshift and distance are related in a special way.

38. Hubble’s law: Velocity = H0  distance

39. Redshift of a galaxy tells us its distance through Hubble’s law:
velocity H0

40. Distances of the farthest galaxies are measured from their redshifts.

41. How do distance measurements tell us the age of the universe?

42. The expansion rate appears to be _____ _________ everywhere in space.
The universe has no __________ and no _________ (as far as we can tell).

43. One example of something that expands but has no center or edge is the surface of a balloon.

44. Cosmological Principle
________________________________________________________________________________.
Matter is evenly distributed on very large scales in the universe.
It has no center or edges.
The cosmological principle has not been proven beyond a doubt, but it is consistent with all observations to date.

45. Hubble’s constant tells us the age of universe because it ________________________________________________________________________________________________
Age =
~ 1/H0
Distance
Velocity

46. How does the universe’s expansion affect our distance measurements?

47. Distances between faraway galaxies change while light travels.
Astronomers think in terms of ____________________________ rather than distance.

48. Expansion stretches photon wavelengths, causing a cosmological redshift directly related to lookback time.