1. WIRELESS SENSOR NETWORKS
SEMINAR PRESENTATION ON
WIRELESS SENSOR NETWORKS
GUIDED BY: SUBMITTED BY:
ANSHU TOSHNIWAL JAIDEEP JANGIR

2. CONTENTS INTRODUCTION ARCHITECTURE PROTOCOLS ROUTING APPLICATIONS
TOPOLOGY
TYPES OF SENSORS

3. INTRODUCTION WSN are used to collect data from the environment.
They consists of large number of sensor nodes and one or more Base Stations.
The nodes in the network are connected via Wireless communication channels.
Each node has capability to sense data, process the data and send it to rest of the nodes or to Base Station.
These networks are limited by the node battery lifetime.

4. ADVANTAGES It avoid lot of wiring.
It can accommodate new devices at any time.
Its flexible to go through physical partitions.
It can be accessed through a centralised monitor.

5. DISADVANTAGES
It is very easy for hackers to hack it as we cant control propagation of waves.
Comparitively low speed of communications.
Gets distracted by various elements like Blue-tooth.
Still costly at large.

6. WSN ARCHITECTURE Wireless Sensor Network Architecture Sensor Node
Gateway
Base Station
Wireless Sensor Network Architecture

7. Sensor node functionality
Each sensor node contains a computational module (a programmable unit) which provides computation ability, storage, and bidirectional communication with other nodes in the system
Two advantages:
They can be re-task in the field
Easily communicate with the rest of the network

8. Gateway Each sensor patch contains a gateway node
Each gateway node can communicate with the sensor network and provides connectivity to the transit network

9. Transit Network
Can consist of a single hop link or a series of networked wireless nodes
Each transit network design has different characteristics
Robustness
Bandwidth
Energy efficiency
Cost
Manageability

10. Base Station Data storage for the collection of sensor patches
WAN connectivity will be wireless
Base-Remote link connection to the internet

11. WSN PROTOCOLS
Wireless sensor network routing protocols can be classified into following categories.
Direct communication
Flat protocols (Multihop)
Hierarchical Routing Protocols

12. ROUTING MECHANISM Cluster Head Multihop Routing Direct Communication
Hierarchical Routing
Cluster Head

13. Applications of WSN Environmental/Habitat monitoring
Acoustic detection
Seismic Detection
Military surveillance
Inventory tracking
Medical monitoring
Process Monitoring

14. Network Topology
A communication network is composed of nodes, each of which has computing power and can transmit and receive messages over communication links.
The basic network topologies are
Fully connected networks
Mesh networks
Star networks
Ring networks

15. TOPOLOGIES

16. Communication Protocols
Headers.
Each message generally has a header identifying its source node, destination node, length of the data field, and other information.
This is used by the nodes in proper routing of the message. In encoded messages, parity bits may be included.
In packet routing networks, each message is broken into packets of fixed length.
The packets are transmitted separately through the network and then reassembled at the destination.

17. Switching
Most computer networks use a store-and-forward switching technique to control the flow of information.
Each time a packet reaches a node, it is completely buffered in local memory, and transmitted as a whole.
Switching techniques :
Wormhole Technique- It splits the message into smaller units known as flow control units or flits. The header flit determines the route. As the header is routed, the remaining flits follow it in pipeline fashion
Virtual-cut-through Technique- when the header arrives at a node, it is routed without waiting for the rest of the packet.

18. Routing
There may be multiple paths from the source to the destination. Therefore, message routing plays an important role.
The main performance measures affected by the routing scheme are throughput (quantity of service) and average packet delay (quality of service).
Types of Routing Schemes:
Token Ring
Fixed routing schemes
Adaptive routing schemes

19. Power Management
NEED - With the advent of ad hoc networks of geographically distributed sensors in remote site environments (e.g. sensors dropped from aircraft for personnel/vehicle surveillance)
Power management is employed to increase the lifetimes of sensor nodes.
Current research is in designing small MEMS (microelectromechanical systems) RF components for transceivers, including capacitors, inductors, etc.
RF-ID (RF identification) devices are transponder microcircuits having an L-C tank circuit that stores power from received interrogation signals, and then uses that power to transmit a response.

20. Hierarchical clustering
observer
The essential operation in sensor node clustering is to :
Select a set of cluster heads among the nodes in the network.
Cluster the rest of the nodes with these heads.
Cluster heads are responsible for :
Coordination among the nodes within their clusters (intra-cluster coordination).
Communication with each other and/or with external observers on behalf of their clusters (inter-cluster communication). CH CH CH

21. Cluster-based approach
Topology management
Cell-based approach
Cluster-based approach
observer

22. TYPES OF SENSORS Mechanical Sensors The Piezoresistive Effect
The Piezoelectric Effect
Capacitive Sensors
Inductive sensors
Optical Transducers
Photoelectric effect
Photoconductive sensors
Junction-based photosensors

23. Cont… Magnetic and Electromagnetic Sensors Magnetoresistive effect
Magnetic Field Sensors
Thermal Sensors
Thermo-Mechanical Transduction
Thermoresistive Effects
Thermocouples

24. CONCLUSION
The emergence of wireless sensor networks can finally bridge the gap between physical and digital worlds, with the effect as if to establish nervous system for the physical world.
It also allows measurement and monitoring in the way that is much closer to the phenomenon than ever before, resulting in continuous and high fidelity of data collected.

25. Future Scope
Wireless sensor network has the potential to trigger the next revolution in computing. While its applications and potential benefits can spread far and beyond, and could finally break the barrier between physical and digital worlds to allow disappearance of computation.

26. THANK YOU