1. Intro to Living Animals
Chapter 1
Intro to Living Animals

2. Properties of Life What is Life?
Definition based up properties can be difficult to determine
Must look at “life” based on common history of life on Earth.

3. General properties Unique and complex molecular organization
Complex levels of organization
Reproduction
Genetic “program” or code
Metabolism
Life Cycle

4. Complex Molecular Organization
Assemble macromolecules
Proteins
Lipids
Carbohydrates
Nucleic Acid
Chemical composition is same as in non-living matter, however arrangement is unique

5. Levels of Organization
Cells – simplest unit of life
Anything below this is not living (ribosome, ER, etc)
Tissue – group of cells that perform the same function
Organ – group of tissues that perform the same function
Organ System – group of organs...
Organism – group of organ systems…
Life always moves from simple to complex

6. Organization continued
One thing to understand is that certain properties, however, cannot be predicted even with complete knowledge of the components at that level
Some properties are influenced by outside source (blood pressure, social interaction)
Emergence – the appearance of a new characteristic at a given level
Arise from interactions of the components of the system at that level
For this reason we must study biology at all levels from cellular processes to population interactions
Emergent properties are all products of Evolution – descent with modification.

7. Reproduction
Life does not arise spontaneously ( Miller-Urey experiment), building blocks can…..Hmm??
Goldilocks principle or Anthropic principle?
Life has to come from prior life ( book says life arose from non-living matter once) Hmm????
At all levels of the biological hierarchy the pieces are replicated from similar pieces.
Genes replicated to produce new genes, animals mate to produce offspring
Speciation – process by which a new species evolves. Reproduction is still happening

8. Reproduction Genetics/Heredity Characteristics of a quality genome
Variation to produce traits that span a wide range
Scenario 1: A species of shark has no variation in its genome. Its offspring are genetically and physically identical to the parents. How could this be a problem?
Think illness, disease, resistance, etc

9. Genetic code DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) RNA (ribonucleic acid)
Nucleotide arrangements into a double helix (DNA) or a plasmid/ single strand (RNA)
Nucleotides: guanine, cytosine, thymine, adenine, uracil
Arrangement of nucleotides determines traits and forms a organisms genome
The genetic code is similar in all species because much modification throws off protein stability
Exception: mitochondria – originally in bacteria, modified to be useful in eukaryotic organisms

10. Metabolism
All living things must maintain nutrients from their environments
They break down nutrients to perform chemical process – metabolism
Catabolic vs anabolic
Metabolism allows for assemblage of proteins, carbs, cellular repair, etc
Study of the complexes of these metabolic functions – physiology.

11. Development All living things pass through a life cycle
Unicellular organisms divide into two cells (Think mitosis)
Eukaryotic organisms have complex life cycles
From (fertilized egg) embryo to infant to juvenile to adult
Metamorphosis – butterfly
Egg to larvae to pupa to adult

12. Environmental Interactions
All living things interact with their environment
Ecology- the study of these interactions
Irritability – property of responding to environmental stimuli
Most responses are very simple and we do not even realize them

13. Life Obeys Physical Laws
1st law of Thermodynamics
Law of conservation of energy
Energy cannot be created, nor destroyed; it can only be converted
From a chemistry standpoint however: when a conversion takes place the sum of the reactants only equals the sum of the products when all forms of energy are added up
1kg of “food” does not yield 1kg of “energy” so to say. There are fractional losses in the form of heat, sound, or friction in many cases.
2nd law of Thermodynamics
Physical systems tend to move toward entropy (disorder)
Ex: Organized molecules of food are broken apart into some form of energy

14. Zoology as Part of Biology
Animalia is one of 6 Kingdoms, along with Eubacter, Archaea, Plantae, Fungi, Protista.
Animalia is unique due to the fact all animals are heterotrophic
They also lack cell walls and reproduce sexually, for the most part

15. Principles of Science The Nature of Science What exactly is Science?
Zoology is the scientific study of animals, but what makes something scientific?
Science is……
Guided by natural laws
Is explanatory by reference to natural laws
Testable vs observable, known world
Its conclusions are tenative and not necessarily final word (Not always 100% true)
Falsifiable – can be proven incorrect.

16. Scientific Method Hypothetical – deductive reasoning
It is the way to test things in the sciences
Observe
Hypothesis
Experiment
Analyze
Conclude

17. Evolution and Heredity
Charles Darwin
Predominant theory of evolution
Over 140 years old
Really is 5 different theories
Perpetual change
Common descent
Multiplication of species
Gradualism
Natural selection

18. Perpetual Change Basis of all other theories
States that natural world is always changing
Organisms undergo change across generations over time
Old theory, but was not widely accepted before Darwin

19. Common Descent
States all living things descended from a common ancestor
Tree of Life has many branches
Separate branches or all one big tree?
Studies of genetic material, cell structure, etc supports common descent
Phylogeny
Basis of animal classification

20. Multiplication of Species
States that evolutionary process creates new species by dividing or transforming older species
Very little interbreeding occurs naturally
Much debate over the process of speciation

21. Gradualism
States that the large differences in anatomical traits of species arises through a series of many accumulated, smaller, subtle changes
Backed up by natural selection
Large changes are bad for organisms or species
May not explain how all traits formed though

22. Natural selection Darwin’s most famous theory
“Survival of the Fittest”
Traits that are most beneficial are passed on and spread throughout populations
Negates things like bottlenecking or genetic drift events

23. Assignment
Pg. 19
Questions 5-10

24. What does all this mean??
Basically Darwin theorized that all species arose from a common ancestor and throughout history environmental pressures, combined with certain traits being favored has caused all the differences in species across the world

25. Beyond Darwin
Darwin’s theory was not just accepted. Constantly reviewed and revised
Chromosomal theory of Inheritance
Came about after Mendel’s experiments were discovered
Neo-Darwinism
Modified Darwin’s theories to include the theory of inheritance

26. Mendelian Genetics
Gregor Mendel, Austrian monk, experimented on garden peas
Crossed pure-breeding species of peas and recorded results
His research was the foundation of modern genetics
Dominant/Recessive Trait Expression
Formation of Gametes

27. His experiments did not cover codominance or blended inheritance
Punnett Squares
His experiments did not cover codominance or blended inheritance
Cell Biology
Microscopes made it possible to see chromosomes
Helped fully establish the chromosomal theory of inheritance

28. Assignment
Pg. 19
Questions 11-13
Due tomorrow