1. Cell Parts & Organelles

2. 1. Cell Wall A) function: physical protection & structural support
B) Structure: wall surrounding cell
Has holes like windows in a wall
C) Macromol. = cellulose

3. 2. Cell Membrane Phospholipids
A) function: controls what enters and leaves cell
B) Structure: flexible lining just inside cell wall
C) Macromol.
Phospholipids
Proteins

4. 3. Nucleus A) Structure: 1) Nuclear envelope = double layer of
membrane around nucleus
2) Nuclear pores = holes in envelope
3) Chromosomes = DNA inside nucleus
4) Nucleolus = area full of ribosome parts

5. B) Function: Store DNA & direct cell
C) Macromol.
Phospholipids, proteins
Nucleic acids

6. 4.Cytoplasm
A) function: every thing that happenes between cell membrane and nucleus
B) Structure:
1) all organelles between nucleus and cell membrane
2) all fluid that fills cell = hyaloplasm or cytosol
C) Macromol. : all

7. 5. Ribosome 1) Connect amino acids in correct order
A) function: make proteins
1) Connect amino acids in correct order
2) Follow directions from RNA
3) free ribosomes: cytoplasmic proteins
4) bound ribosoms: proteins for secretion, membranes or organelles
B) Structure: 2 subunits
1) Protien subunit
2) RNA subunit
C) Macromol. : protein & nucleic acid

8. 6 Mitochondrion 1) Oval outer membrane
A- Function: Cellular Respiration
1)Uses O2 to burn glucose & give cell energy
2) O2 + glucose  CO2 and energy
B- Structure
1) Oval outer membrane
2) Folded inner membrane
Folds called cristae
C- Macromolecules:
Phospholipids, protein, nucleic acids

9. 7. Chloroplasts 2) CO2 + H2O  Glucose + O2
A- Function: Photosynthesis
1) Converts solar Energy into chemical energy
2) CO2 + H2O  Glucose + O2
B- Structure:
1) Oval outer membrane
2) Grana = stacks of disks
C- Macromolecules:
Phospholipids, protein, nucleic acids

10. 8. Vacuole A- Function: storage & support (plants)
B- Structure: membrane full of water and molecules or food
C- Macromolecules:
phospholipids

11. 9. Lysosome
A- Function: digest food/break down old organelles & macromolecules (hydrolysis)
B- Structure: membrane bubble full of enzymes
C- Macromolecules
phospholipids, proteins (enzymes)

12. 9.a. Peroxisome Very similar to a lysosome
Single membrane surrounding enzymes that break down molecules by oxidizing them.
This forms H2O2 (peroxide).
Peroxide is toxic so they break that down into water.

13. 10. Golgi Body A- Function: 1) modifies sugars & lipids on proteins
2) makes complex carbohydrates
3) package for secretion
B- Structure:
1) flat membrane pockets,
cisternae, filled w/ enzymes
C- Macromolecules
phospholipids, proteins

14. 11. Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum
A- Function: Fold & transport proteins, add carbs to glycoproteins, produces membrane(makes phospholipids and embedded protiens)
B- Structure:
1) Tunnels made of membrane
2) lots of enzymes
3) ribosomes
C- Macromol.:
phospholipids, proteins

15. 12. Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum
A- Function: Transport proteins, Detoxify poisons/drugs, produce oils, steroids, &phospholipids
B- Structure: Membrane tunnels full of enzymes
C- Macromol.:
phospholipids, proteins

16. 13. Cytoskeleton A- Function: 1) internal mechanical support
2) move organelles & vessicles
B- Structure: Framework of microtubules and motor proteins
C- Macromolecules
protein

17. Cytoskeleton elements (animal & plant)
1) Microtubules – largest; hollow tube shape
made of tubulin subunits
form spindle & hold organelles in place
tracks for motor proteins
assembled in area called centrosome
can be broken
Down and then
re-assembled

18. 2) microfilaments – thin strands
a. 2 chains of actin subunits twisted into helix
b. form cell cortex: mesh of microfilaments at cell membrane give animal cells shape
c. amoeboid movement
d. muscle cell contraction
e. endocytosis/exocytosis
f. plant cytoplasmic streaming

19. 3) Intermediate filaments….. yep they are medium size add strength
(keratin in hair, nails, dead skin)
Highly variable - used to ID cell types

20. Centrosomes
Regions of the cell where tubulin subunits are stored and organized into microtubules
Most animal centrosomes contain centrioles
Centrioles – 9 triplets of microtubules fused into a short cylinder…helps organize microtubule formation
Centrioles lacking in fungi and most plants

21. Motor Proteins Activated by ATP
Conformational changes result in motion
Most common: myosins, actins, dynins, kinesins
Each type has many variations/versions

22. Kinesins Walk along microtubules dragging cargo
vessicles, organelles,etc.

23. Dynins
Walk along microtubules dragging cargo or bending cilia and flagella

24. Motor proteins push microtubules past each other
Kinesin for mitosis
Dynein for cilia motion

25. Myosin pushes microfilaments past each other
To move cell cortex
To contract muscle

26. Prokaryotic Cytoskeleton
Poorly developed (mitosis not possible)
Some lack cytoskeleton
All Eukaryotes have nearly identical genes for tubulin and actin = highly conserved

27. Endomembrane System Lacking in prokaryotes
Distinguishing trait (derived trait) of all eukaryotes
Membranes are all physically connected or exchange phospholipids via vesicle formation or assimilation (budding off or absorbing vesicles)

28. Cell Junctions
Tight Junctions – block things from moving through cracks between cells.
Adhering Junctions = desmosomes - anchor cell in place by joining it to its neighbor
Gap Junctions = communicating junction – cytoplasmic bridges between cell allow cytosol and small molecules to flow between cells
Plasmodesmata = cytoplasmic bridges in plants

29. Nucleus
Endoplasmic reticulum
Golgi
Vesicles
Vacuoles
Lysosomes/peroxisomes
Cell membrane

31. Eukaryotic Cilia & flagella
Motion of cells
sperm, unicellular organisms
Move substances
egg down oviduct, mucus in lung
Homologous structure among Eukaryotes

32. Anchored by basal body (centriole) in cytoplasm (9 triplets)

33. Prokaryotic flagella No basal body Not covered by cell membrane
Different internal structure
Different protein (flagellin)
Analogous to
eukaryotic flagella