1. Cell Basics

2. All cells are either prokaryotic or eukaryotic
Two Basic Cell Types
All cells are either prokaryotic or eukaryotic

3. Eukaryotic cells
Complex cells that contain a nucleus and many membrane-bound organelles with specialized functions.
Animal or plant cells.
(also includes fungi and protists)

4. Nucleus
Controls activities of the cell and holds the genetic information (DNA)
Surrounded by the nuclear membrane/envelope
Ribosomes, which will later be used in protein synthesis, are partially assembled in an area called the nucleolus

5. The nucleus is known as the “control center” of the cell and is found in all eukaryotic cells. For example, plant and animal cells.

6. Lets quickly examine the structure and function of the cell membrane:
Which of the following animals do you think can pass easily through this opening? Why?

7. Cell Membrane Regulates what goes in and out of the cell (selective).
Composed of lipids and proteins.

8. Cytoplasm
Cytoplasm is a clear,
jelly-like fluid that
fills the cell

9. Ribosomes
Make proteins.
Found throughout the cell and on rough ER.

10. Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)
System of internal membranes that transport proteins and other substances through the cell.
2 Kinds:
Rough ER: transports proteins that are made by ribosomes attached to it
Smooth ER: helps make new lipids and helps to break down toxic substances such as alcohol
Has no ribosomes attached to it

11. Which picture best depicts the function of the ER?
Highway
The ER is referred to as the highway of the cell since it transports molecules, such as proteins, throughout the cell.
Capital
Apple tree
Shopping mall

12. Golgi Apparatus
Flattened, membrane-bound sacs that serve as the packaging and distribution center of the cell.
They modify the proteins that travel from the ER in vesicles (small, membrane-bound sacs) before they are released to serve their function.

13. Which picture best depicts the function of the golgi apparatus?
The Golgi is sometimes referred to as the post office since it modifies and packages proteins before they are shipped to their rightful destination
escalator
post office
sanitation truck
power lines

14. Mitochondria
Releases energy from organic compounds to make ATP (energy)
“Powerhouse” of the cell
Fact: Mitochondria contain their own DNA and ribosomes to make their own proteins. Who do you inherit your mitochondrial DNA from?
Your mother –it’s found within the egg and the father only donates his DNA (23 chromosomes)

15. Mitochondria Eukaryotic DNA Prokaryotic DNA Mitochondrial DNA a b
Look at the mitochondrial DNA and determine whether it looks like picture a or b.
Eukaryotic DNA
Prokaryotic DNA
Mitochondrial
DNA a b

16. Mitochondrial DNA similar to Prokaryotic (bacterial) DNA?
This fact supports the widely accepted theory that mitochondria were once primitive prokaryotes!
Mitochondrial
DNA
Prokaryotic DNA

17. Which picture best depicts the function of the Mitochondria?
TXU supplies electricity to many houses and businesses in Dallas just as the mitochondria supplies energy for it’s cell
vacuum
TXU electric
company
grocery store
water park

18. Based on your knowledge of mitochondria, which of the following cells would contain a greater number of mitochondria?
muscle cell
hair cell
egg cell
stomach cell
skin cell
Muscle cells require large amounts of energy in order to perform functions and therefore require a larger number of mitochondria

19. Lysosomes Specialized vesicles that contain digestive enzymes
Function by digesting and recycling the cell’s used components (carbs, proteins, lipids and old organelles)

20. Which picture best depicts the function of the lysosome?
Stomach
Both contain digestive enzymes and both help to breakdown particles
Trash can
Chimney

21. Cytoskeleton
A network of protein structures that determines cell shape
Provides support for organelles and pathways for cell movement.

22. Some structures are found in plant cells but not animal cells…

23. Cell wall
Helps support, protect and maintain the shape of the cell

24. Chloroplasts Elodea cells Chloroplast
Use light energy to make carbohydrates from carbon dioxide and water (photosynthesis).
Elodea
Elodea cells
Chloroplast

25. circular like prokaryotes and mitochondria
Just like mitochondria, chloroplasts contain their own DNA and are also thought to be descendents of ancient prokaryotic cells
circular like prokaryotes
and mitochondria
soy bean chloroplast

26. “Large” Central Vacuole
Stores water and may contain many substances, including ions, nutrients, and wastes
Largest organelle found in plants
When full of water, the cell becomes rigid (turgor pressure)
FYI: Small vacuoles are
found in animal cells.

27. Cell Organelles Animal Plant Cell Membrane Mitochondria Chloroplast
Endoplasmic Reticulum
Nucleus
Vacuole
Lysosome
Golgi Body
Ribosome
Cell Wall
Animal
Plant

28. Prokaryotes, which includes all bacteria
Prokaryotes, which includes all bacteria. They are the simplest cellular organisms. They have genetic material but no nucleus.
Typical bacteria cell

29. Bacteria! Prokaryotic cells Unicellular
No membrane bound organelles – therefore, not many specialized functions.
Bacteria!

30. Flagella Tail-like structure that helps bacteria move (MOTILITY)
Flagella are also found on some eukaryotic cells.
For example, some protists have flagella. So do sperm cells!

31. Pili
Hair-like structure that helps bacteria stick to surfaces

32. Capsule
A sticky outer protective covering that allows bacteria to adhere to surfaces
Increases their ability to cause disease

33. Name the structures of this bacterium.
Ribosomes
Flagella
Pili
Cell wall
DNA(circular chromosome)
Capsule
Cell membrane

34. Different Types of Cells
Prokaryotic
Eukaryotic
no nucleus
no nucleus
nucleus
nucleus
small ribosomes
larger ribosomes
small ribosomes
larger ribosomes
no organelles
no organelles
organelles
organelles
very small 1-10µm
very small
small
small µm
only in bacteria
protists, fungi, plants, animals
protists, fungi, plants, animals
only in bacteria