1. Infancy and Childhood
Some of these slides have been adapted from appsychology.com

2. Reflexes: automatic (means involuntary) responses
Babinski Reaction- Foot is rubbed against and the rest of the toes fan out.
Moro Reflex- Baby feels like it is falling and arms and legs go out in search of something to hang onto.
Rooting Reflex- if the baby is touched at the end of the mouth, the baby still turn and begin to suck.
Grasping Reflex- Touch a babies hand it will close.

3. Visual Cliff
A device used to determine if babies have depth perception.
gynomite.wordpress.com

4. Early Childhood Parallel play Cooperative play Solitary play
Developmental Psychology
Early Childhood
Parallel play
Cooperative play
Solitary play

5. Attachment refers to an emotional connection
Attachment Theories
Attachment refers to an emotional connection

6. Mary Ainsworth Attachment Theory
Ainsworth had a parent drop off their child with a stranger and then observed how the child reacted. She came up with Three distinctive attachments:
1. Secure Attachment- Just like it sounds the child is secure that mom is coming back and happy to see her when she does.
2. Avoidant Attachment-when mom comes back the child avoids them.
3. Anxious Attachment they are anxious in their surroundings .
abc-counselling.com

7. Konrad Lorenz Attachment
Attachment is very important for infants to develop. Konrad Lorenz observed baby geese. When they were hatched the formed an attachment with the first thing they saw which was Konrad. This is called imprinting.
allposters.com
dabase.org

8. Harry Harlow Attachment theory
Harry Harlow did research on Rhesus monkeys. Inhumane research. He did however, show that monkeys just like babies need touch to form attachments. They needed that contact comfort.

9. Daycare
High quality daycare has shown no detrimental effects on children over the age of two.
There is a difference with how children turn out between high and low quality.

10. Deprivation of Attachment
Can become withdrawn, scared and sometimes speechless like Genie.
Harlow’s monkeys would either cower in fright or act extremely aggressive. Many could not mate and if they could, the mothers were unresponsive parents.
Is there a connection between crime and lack of childhood attachment?
Discussion Time….
Apsychology.com

11. Stage Theorists
These psychologists believe that we travel from stage to stage throughout our lifetimes.
geekweek.com
from appsychology.com

12. Sigmund Freud Psychosexual Stage
from appsychology.com
Sigmund Freud Psychosexual Stage
Sigmund Freud developed the 5 Stages of Psychosexual Development
Freud related most things to our unconscious and our sexual drive or libido.
He said if you get stalled at any of the stages you might have problems later in life.

13. Stage 1: Oral Stage Seek pleasure through out mouths.
from appsychology.com
Stage 1: Oral Stage
Seek pleasure through out mouths.
Babies put everything in their mouths (0-2).
People fixated in this stage tend to overeat, smoke or have a childhood dependence on things.

14. Stage 2: Anal Stage Develops during toilet training (2-4).
from appsychology.com
Develops during toilet training (2-4).
Libido is focused on controlling waste and expelling waste.
A person fixated may become overly controlling (retentive) or out of control (expulsive).

15. Stage 3: Phallic Stage Children first recognize their gender (4-7).
from appsychology.com
Stage 3: Phallic Stage
Children first recognize their gender (4-7).
Causes conflict in families with the Oedipus and Electra Complexes.
Fixation can cause later problems in relationships.

16. Stage 4: Latency Stage Libido is hidden (7-11). Cooties stage.
from appsychology.com
Stage 4: Latency Stage
Libido is hidden (7-11).
Cooties stage.
Freud believed that fixation in this stage could lead to sexual issues.

17. Libido is focused on their genitals (12-death).
from appsychology.com
Stage 5: Genital Stage
Libido is focused on their genitals (12-death).
Freud thought fixation in this stage is normal.

18. Okay, Come up with the best mnemonic device for the stages…
Okay, Come up with the best mnemonic device for the stages….3, 2, 1 GO…

19. Cognitive Development
from appsychology.com
Cognitive Development
Cognitive deals with memory, thinking and language . Jean Piaget is one of the founders of Cognitive development and he looked at how children think. Early schools of thought were that kids were stupid versions of adults. Jean Piaget said, “hey they just think differently” There are 4 Stages.
downstream-parenting.com

20. Terms that go With Piaget’s cognitive development
1. Object Permanence: The understanding that the an object exists even if they can not see it.
2. Egocentric: cannot look at the world through anyone’s eyes but their own.
3. Conservation refers to the idea that a quantity remains the same despite changes in appearance and is part of logical thinking.

21. Schemas
Right now in your head, picture a model.
Children view the world through schemas (as do adults for the most part).
Schemas are ways we interpret the world around us.
It is basically what you picture in your head when you think of anything.
These 3 probably fit into your concept (schema) of a model.
But does this one?

22. Assimilation Incorporating new experiences into existing schemas.
If I teach my 3 year that an animal with 4 legs and a tail is a dog….
What schema would you assimilate this into?
smileluver38.webs.com
What would he call this?
thundafunda.com
dellone2one.com

23. Accommodation Changing an existing schema to adopt to new information.
If I tell someone from the mid-west to picture their schema of the Bronx they may talk about the ghetto areas.
But if I showed them other areas of the Bronx, they would be forced to accommodate (change) their schema to incorporate their new information.

24. Jean Piaget Cognitive Development Stages

25. Stages of Piaget’s Cognitive Development
from appsychology.com
Stages of Piaget’s Cognitive Development
Stage 1: Sensorimotor Stage
Experience the world through our senses.
Do not have object permanence
0-2 years
bryanking.net

26. Stages of Piaget’s Cognitive Development
from appsychology.com
Stages of Piaget’s Cognitive Development
Piaget - Stage 1 - Sensorimotor, Object Permenence
Stage 1: Sensorimotor Stage
Experience the world through our senses.
Do not have object permanence
0-2 years
bryanking.net

27. Stage 2. Preoperational Stage
from appsychology.com
Stage 2. Preoperational Stage
2-7years old
Have object permanence
Begin to use language to represent objects and ideas
Egocentric
Do NOT understand concepts of conservation
psychology4a.com
Click the following link to see the mountain experiment Piaget used:

28. Stage 3: Concrete Operational Stage
from appsychology.com
Stage 3: Concrete Operational Stage
Can demonstrate concept of conservation.
Learn to think logically.

29. Stage 4: Formal Operational Stage
from appsychology.com
Stage 4: Formal Operational Stage
Abstract reasoning.
Manipulate objects in our minds without seeing them.
Hypothesis testing.
Trail and Error.
Metacognition: higher order thinking.
Not every adult gets to this stage.
What would the world look like with no light?
Picture god.
What way do you best learn?

44. Kohlberg's Theory of Moral Development

45. Kohlberg's Theory of Moral Development
Level I:
Preconventional moral reasoning
Stage 1
“might makes right”
Punishment/obedience orientation: self-interest
Stage 2
“look out for number one”
Instrumental/relativist orientation: quid pro quo
Level II:
Conventional moral reasoning
Stage 3
“good girl,
nice boy”
Proper behavior for the social approval
Stage 4
“law and order”
Proper behavior of the dutiful citizen, obey laws
Level III:
Postconventional moral reasoning
Stage 5
“social contract”
Mutual benefit to all, obey society’s rules
Stage 6
“universal ethical principles”
Defend right/wrong, not just majority, all life is sacred (reflective)

46. Stage 1: Pre-conventional Morality
from appsychology.com
Stage 1: Pre-conventional Morality
Morality based on rewards and punishments.
If you are rewarded then it is OK.
If you are punished, the act must be wrong.
dailycaller.com

47. Stage 2: Conventional Morality
from appsychology.com
Stage 2: Conventional Morality
Look at morality based on how others see you.
If your peers , or society, thinks it is wrong, then so do you.

48. Stage 3: Post-Conventional Morality
from appsychology.com
Stage 3: Post-Conventional Morality
Based on self-defined ethical principles.
Your own personal set of ethics.
drsusanziebarth.com

49. Criticisms of Kohlberg
from appsychology.com
Criticisms of Kohlberg
Heinz Example of Morality
Carol Gilligan pointed out that Kohlberg only tested boys.
Boys tend to have more absolute value of morality.
Girls tend top look at situational factors.

50. When does science need to stop? Should we have laws?

51. Erik Erikson and Psychosocial Development Stages
from appsychology.com
Erik Erikson and Psychosocial Development Stages
Erik had a rough childhood and adolescence. Studied are social development stages. Each stage is focused on a conflict.

52. Erik Erikson's 8 Stages of development

53. Stage 1: Trust v. Mistrust
from appsychology.com
Stage 1: Trust v. Mistrust
Can a baby trust the world to fulfill its needs?
The trust or mistrust they develop can carry on with the child for the rest of their lives.
+ Hope, drive
- Sensory distortion, withdrawal
stock-images-illustrations.com

54. Stage 2: Autonomy V. Shame & Doubt
from appsychology.com
Stage 2: Autonomy V. Shame & Doubt
Toddlers begin to control their bodies (toilet training).
Control Temper Tantrums
Big word is “NO”
Can they learn control or will they doubt themselves?
+ Will power, self control
- Impulsivity, compulsivity

55. Stage 3: Initiative V. Guilt
from appsychology.com
Stage 3: Initiative V. Guilt
Word turns from “NO” to “WHY?”
Want to understand the world and ask questions.
Is there curiosity encouraged or scolded?
+ Purpose, direction
Ruthless, inhibition

56. Stage 4: Industry v. Inferiority
from appsychology.com
Stage 4: Industry v. Inferiority
School begins
We are for the first time evaluated by a formal system and our peers.
Do we feel good or bad about our accomplishments?
Can lead to us feeling bad about ourselves for the rest of our lives…inferiority complex.
+ Competence, initiation
Narrow character, low motivation

58. Stage 5: Identity v. Role Confusion
from appsychology.com
Stage 5: Identity v. Role Confusion
In our teenage years we try out different roles.
Who am I?
What group do I fit in with?
If I do not find myself I may develop an identity crisis.
+ Self certainty, fidelity
Withdrawal, fanaticism

59. Stage 6: Intimacy v. Isolation
from appsychology.com
Stage 6: Intimacy v. Isolation
Have to balance work and relationships.
What are my priorities?
bostonist.com
realitytvmagazine.sheknows.com

60. Stage 7: Generativity v. Stagnation
from appsychology.com
Stage 7: Generativity v. Stagnation
Is everything going as planned?
Am I happy with what I created?
Mid –life crisis!!!
mariansgarden.ca

61. Stage 8: Integrity v. Despair
from appsychology.com
Stage 8: Integrity v. Despair
Look back on life.
Was my life meaningful or do I have regret?
lolbyte.com
bridezilla.com

62. Children See Children Do