1. Chapter Five
Sexuality

2. Sexual Anatomy
Sex organs of men and women arise from the same structures and have similar functions
Each have gonads
Ovaries (females)
Testes (males)
Gonads produce germ cells and sex hormones
Ova (females)
Sperm (males)

3. Female Reproductive System Figure 5-1a
Be able to identify location/function of reproductive organs
See Figure 5-1a for female genitalia (vulva)
See Figure 5-1b for female genitalia (vagina)

4. Male Reproductive System Figure 5-2a
Be able to identify location/function of reproductive organs
See Figure 5-2a for male genitalia (scrotum/penis)
See Figure 5-2b for male genitalia (semen production/glans)

5. Action of Hormones
Hormones are chemical messengers secreted directly into the bloodstream by the endocrine system
Sex hormones, produced by either testis or ovary, have an important role within the reproductive system
Testes produce testosterone
Ovaries produce estrogen and progesterone
Adrenal glands produce androgens for both sexes

6. Differentiation of the Embryo
Biological sex is determined by the fertilizing sperm at the point of conception
All human cells contain 23 pairs of chromosomes
22 of 23 pairs match, however the last pair (23rd) can differ, resulting in different sex of the embryo
Females are XX
Males are XY
See box: “Sexual Differentiations, Hormones, and the Brain”
These markers will dictate the formation of sex organs

7. Female Sexual Maturation
Major physical differences between the sexes occur at puberty
Changes are due to progesterone in females, testosterone in males
Physical changes for females at puberty are:
Breast development (ages 8-13)
Rounding of hips and buttocks
Pubic hair development

8. Menstrual Cycle Figure 5-3
Breakdown of the endometrial lining and discharge of tissue (menses)
See Figure 5-3 on the menstrual cycle

9. Identify 4 Phases of the Menstrual Cycle
Menses: menstrual flow (day 1to day 5)
Estrogenic phase: menstrual flow ceases and anterior pituitary produces (FSH) follicle-stimulating hormone and (LH) lutenizing hormone as an ova matures, which produces estrogen
Ovulation: ovum is released due to estrodiol present which creates large does of (LH) and small amounts of (FSH)
Progestational phase: corpus luteum is produced by the follicle, producing high levels of progesterone, until menses
See Figure 5-3 on the menstrual cycle

10. Menstrual Problems
Premenstrual Syndrome (PMS): physical and psychological symptoms that recur during the same phase of the menstrual cycle
Premenstrual dysphoric disorder (PMDD): more severe symptoms than PMS
Dysmenorrhea (painful menstrual cycle)
See box: ”Dietary Supplements and PMS”

11. Male Sexual Maturation
Reproductive maturation occurs two years later compared to females (age 10-11)
Physical changes include:
Enlargement of the testes
Development of pubic hair
Growth of the penis
Onset of ejaculation (age 11-12)
Deepening of voice
Facial hair
Rapid physical growth

12. Aging and Sexuality
Sexual activity does decline with age but a significant population of older adults remain sexually active
Changes in Women: vaginal lubrication decreases, reduction in orgasmic contractions
Changes in Men: erection process is prolonged, decrease in contractions at orgasm, ejaculation decreases in force and volume

13. Master & Johnson’s Human Sexual Response Pattern
Excitement stage – arousal stage
Plateau stage – leveling off of arousal immediately before climax
Orgasm stage – neuromuscular tension is released
Resolution stage – return the body back to pre-excitement stage
See Figure 5-4 on the Sexual Response Cycle

14. Differences Between Men and Women in the Sexual Response Pattern
Men are not multi orgasmic
Men reach orgasm quicker during coitus
Men enter into a refractory period after orgasm
Women are multi orgasmic
Women reach orgasm as quickly as men during masturbation
Women do not have a refractory period

15. Common Sexual Health Problems
Conditions affecting Women
Conditions affecting Men
Vaginitis
Endometriosis
Pelvic inflammatory disease (PID)
Prostatitis
Testicular cancer

16. Common Sexual Dysfunctions
Conditions affecting Women
Conditions affecting Men
Vaginismus
Orgasmic dysfunction
Premature ejaculation
Retarded ejaculation
Erectile dysfunction

17. Concepts of Sexual Orientation
Heterosexuality – sexual attraction to the opposite gender
Homosexuality – sexual attraction to the same gender
“gay” refers to a male homosexual
“lesbian” refers to a female homosexual
Bisexuality – sexual attraction toward both genders
Homophobia – hatred or fear towards homosexuals
See box: ‘Sexual Decision Making”
See box: “Your sexual attitudes”
See Figure 5-5 on motivations for engaging in sexual activities

18. Gender Identity Issues
Transsexualism – sexual variation in which a person rejects his or her biological sexuality
Transvestitism – atypical behavior in which a person derives sexual pleasure dressing in the opposite gender’s clothes
See Box: “Are There Ethnic Differences in Sexual Decision Making and Behavior?”
Gender identity is your personal inner self of being male of female

19. Patterns of Sexual Behavior
Celibacy – self imposed avoidance of sexual intimacy
Masturbation – gratification by self stimulation of one’s genitals; sexual fantasy or desires are associated with masturbation
Erogenous zones/shared touching – areas of the body causing sexual arousal on contact
genital contact could be considered an erogenous zone and part of foreplay (arousal before intercourse)

20. Patterns of Sexual Behavior, cont’d
Oral-genital stimulation
fellatio (oral stimulation of a male’s genitalia)
cunnilingus (oral stimulation of a female’s genitalia)
Sexual intercourse – penile to vaginal penetration (coitus)
Anal intercourse – sodomy performed by both heterosexual couples and gay men

21. Atypical and Problematic Sexual Behaviors
Sexual fantasies and behaviors not always accepted by other adult partners, which could be considered harmful or illegal
Examples include:
Paraphilias
Sexual coercion
Commercial sex (pornography)]
Prostitution
See Box: “cybersex”

22. Responsible Sexual Behavior
Include the following:
Open, Honest Communication
Agreed-On Sexual Activities
Sexual Privacy
Using Contraception
Safer Sex
Sober Sex
Taking Responsibility for Consequences

23. Chapter Five
Sexuality