1. 2nd Jagellonian Symposium on Fundamental and Applied Subatomic Physics
Low-energy kaon-nuclei interaction studies at DAFNE (SIDDHARTA-2 and AMADEUS)
Catalina Curceanu
LNF-INFN (Italy)
2nd Jagellonian Symposium on Fundamental
and Applied Subatomic Physics
Krakow, 4-9 June 2017

2. 1967, first pulsar discovered by Jocelyn Bell Burnell and Antony Hewish

3. 1967, first pulsar discovered by Jocelyn Bell Burnell and Antony Hewish

4. The Standard Model

5. The Standard Model

12. Isaac Vidana

13. How strong is the interaction of kaons (strangeness) with nuclear matter?

14. How strong is the interaction of kaons (strangeness) with nuclear matter?

15. The low-energy kaon-nucleon/nuclei interaction studies are fundamental for understanding QCD in non-perturbative regime:
Explicit and spontaneous chiral symmetry breaking (mass of nucleons)
Dense baryonic matter ->
Neutron (strange?) stars EOS
Dark matter with strangeness?
Role of Strangeness in the Universe from particle and nuclear physics to astrophysics

17. The DAFNE collider or the best possible beam of low energy kaons

18. Flux of produced kaons: about 1000/second
The DAFNE principle K+ e- e+ e- e+  e- e+ e- e- e+ e+ e- e+ e- e+ e- e- e+ e- K-
Flux of produced kaons: about 1000/second

19. DAΦNE, since 1998

20. Suitable for low-energy kaon physics: kaonic atoms
Φ → K- K+ (49.1%)
Monochromatic low-energy K- (~127MeV/c)
Less hadronic background due to the beam
( compare to hadron beam line : e.g. KEK /JPARC)
Suitable for low-energy kaon physics:
kaonic atoms
Kaon-nucleons/nuclei interaction studies

21. SIDDHARTA(-2)
SIlicon Drift Detector for Hadronic Atom Research by Timing Applications
LNF- INFN, Frascati, Italy
SMI- ÖAW, Vienna, Austria
IFIN – HH, Bucharest, Romania
Politecnico, Milano, Italy
TUM, Munchen, Germany
RIKEN, Japan
Univ. Tokyo, Japan
Victoria Univ., Canada
Zagreb Univ.

22. The scientific aim KN scattering lengths through a
the determination of the isospin dependent
KN scattering lengths through a
~ precision measurement of the shift
and of the width
of the Ka line of kaonic hydrogen
and
the first measurement of kaonic deuterium
Measurements of kaonic Helium 3 and 4 as well (2p level)

23. stopped in a target medium
Kaonic atom formation e-
n ~ sqrt(M*/me) n’ ~ 25 (for K-p)
(M* : K-p reduced mass)
highly-excited state
Auger Electron K-
1) Initial capture
deexcite
X-ray K-
2) Cascade K-
Nucleus
3) Strong interaction
Shift and Width
of last orbit
e.g.
1s for K-p, K-d
2p for K-He
4) Absorption
The strong int. width > Radiative trans. width
stopped in a target medium

24. Kaonic cascade and the strong interaction
s p d f
Ka ~ 6.3 keV
= DE2p1s
E1s }
E2p n 4 3 2 1 Kb

25. Antikaon-nucleon scattering lengths
Once the shift and width of the 1s level for kaonic hydrogen and
deuterium are measured -) scattering lengths
(isospin breaking corrections):
e + i G/2 => aK-p eV fm-1
e + i G/2 => aK-d eV fm-1
one can obtain the isospin dependent antikaon-nucleon scattering lengths
aK-p = (a0 + a1)/2
aK-n = a1

26. SIDDHARTA Scientific program
Measuring the KN scattering lengths with the precision of a few percent will drastically change the present status of low-energy KN phenomenology and also provide a clear assessment of the SU(3) chiral effective Lagrangian approach to low energy hadron interactions.
Breakthrough in the low-energy KN phenomenology;
Threshold amplitude in QCD
Information on L(1405)
Contribute to the determination of the KN sigma terms, which give the degree of chiral symmetry breaking;
4 related alado with the determination of the strangeness content of the nucleon from the KN sigma terms

27. SIDDHARTA

29. 1 cm2 x 144 SDDs

31. Detect by two scintillators
SIDDHARTA overview
Target
Detect
by SDDs K- e-
510 MeV/c
Detect by two scintillators Φ K+ e+
510 MeV/c
127 MeV/c
Δp/p=0.1% x y z 31

34. SDDs & Target
(inside vacuum)
Kaon detector

36. SIDDHARTA results: - Kaonic Hydrogen: 400pb-1, most precise measurement ever,Phys. Lett. B 704 (2011) 113, Nucl. Phys. A881 (2012) 88; Ph D - Kaonic deuterium: 100 pb-1, as an exploratory first measurement ever, Nucl. Phys. A907 (2013) 69; Ph D - Kaonic helium 4 – first measurement ever in gaseous target; published in Phys. Lett. B 681 (2009) 310; NIM A628 (2011) 264 and Phys. Lett. B 697 (2011);; PhD - Kaonic helium 3 – 10 pb-1, first measurement in the world, published in Phys. Lett. B 697 (2011) 199; Ph D - Widths and yields of KHe3 and KHe4 - Phys. Lett. B714 (2012) 40; ongoing: KH yields; kaonic kapton yields -> draft for publications SIDDHARTA – important TRAINING for young researchers

37. Kaonic Helium 3 and 4

38. Kaonic 4 old data
KHe4

39. Data taking periods of SIDDHARTA in 2009
PLB681(2009)310
K-He4 data with Fe source
Use of
Mn Ka (5.9 keV) from 55Fe
55Fe source:
Good for reduce sys. error on K-4He
Bad for “background” events on K-H,K-D
Systematic error = +/-2 eV
Removed 55Fe source in other data

40. KHe-4 energy spectrum at SIDDHARTA
Target
Ti foil
Fe55
Degrader
K-He data taking
PLB681(2009)310; NIM A 628(2011)264
No-coincidence
coincidence

41. Data taking periods of SIDDHARTA in 2009
New alignment of setup
Improve S/N ratio
DAFNE shutdown in Summer
K-He3 data (~4days)
55Fe source:
Good for reduce sys. error on K-4He
Bad for “background” events on K-H,K-D
Removed 55Fe source in other data

42. Kaonic Helium-3 energy spectrum
X-ray energy of K-3He 3d-2p
K-3He (3d-2p)
QED value:
Ti Ka
K-C
K-O
K-N
World First！
Observation of K-3He X-rays
Determination of
strong-interaction shift
arXiv: v1 [nucl-ex], PLB697(2011)199

43. K-4He (3d-2p)
PLB697(2011)199
K-3He (3d-2p)
DAFNE shutdown in Summer

44. Comparison of results *error bar Shift [eV] Reference KEK E570 +2±2±2
PLB653(07)387
SIDDHARTA (He4 with 55Fe)
+0±6±2
PLB681(2009)310
SIDDHARTA (He4)
+5±3±4
arXiv: ,
PLB697(2011)199
SIDDHARTA (He3)
-2±2±4
*error bar

45. Kaonic Hydrogen

46. Background estimation
Hydrogen
spectrum
EM value
K-p Kα
Kaonic hydrogen Kα Kβ
higher
KC54
KC65
Ti Kα
simultaneous
fit
Ti Kβ
KO65
KO76
KN65
KC75 Cu
KAl87
Deuterium
spectrum
Background estimation

47. Residuals of K-p x-ray spectrum after subtraction of fitted background
Kaonic hydrogen
higher Kα Kβ
EM value
K-p Kα

48. KAONIC HYDROGEN results
e1S= −283 ± 36(stat) ± 6(syst) eV
G1S= 541 ± 89(stat) ± 22(syst) eV

49. SIDDHARTA–2 49

50. essential improvements
The SIDDHARTA-2 setup,
essential improvements
new target design
new SDDs
vacuum chamber
more cooling power
improved trigger scheme
shielding and anti-coincidence (veto) 50

51. Veto-1 counter Target cell SDDs SDD- electronic Kaon monitor
upper scintillator K+
lower scintillator
Kaonstopper:
K+-K- discrimination
Interaction
region
Veto-1 counter 51

52. SIDDHARTA-2 SDD unit (2 SDD arrays) - detail52

53. SIDDHARTA-2 setup 53

54. SIDDHARTA-2 setup (detail)54

55. 37th LNF Scientific Committee55

56. SIDDHARTA 2 (GEANT4 MC, M. Iliescu & C. Berucci)
Setup detail
SIDDHARTA2 setup

57. e.m. Ka
De(1s) = 30 eV and DG(1s) = 70 eV

58. SIDDHARTA-2 plan:
installation on DAFNE starting rom April 2018
followed by test and debug
Kaonic Deuterium measurement 2019!

59. SIDDHARTA2 future perspectives
1) Kaon mass precision measurement at the level of <7 keV (kaon mass puzzle) 2) Kaonic helium transitions to the 1s level – 2nd measurement, R&D 3) Other light kaonic atoms (KO, KC,…) -> HPGe 4) Heavier kaonic atoms measurement (Si, Pb…) -> HPGe 5) Kaon radiative capture – L(1405) study 6) Investigate the possibility of the measurement of other types of hadronic exotic atoms (sigmonic hydrogen ?)

60. Helmholtz Mainz and
Univ. Zagreb:
HPGe detectors
Kaonic atoms measurements

61. TES: RIKEN, Japan
VOXES: LNF-INFN
(talk of A. Scordo)
Extreme precision meas.:
Kaon mass (K-)?

62. Antikaonic Matter At DAFNE: an Experiment Unraveling Spectroscopy
AMADEUS
K. Piscicchia’s talk
Antikaonic Matter At DAFNE: an Experiment Unraveling Spectroscopy

63. AMADEUS proposal AMADEUS collaboration
116 scientists from 14 Countries and 34 Institutes
lnf.infn.it/esperimenti/siddharta
and
LNF-07/24(IR) Report on lnf.infn.it web-page (Library)
AMADEUS started in 2005 and
was presented and discussed in all the LNF Scientific Committees
Antikaon Matter At DANE: Experiments with Unraveling Spectroscopy
EU Fundings FP7 – I3HP2:
Network WP9 – LEANNIS;
WP24 (SiPM JRA);
WP28 (GEM JRA)

65. AMADEUS – step 0 – feasibility studies

68. Pure carbon target inserted in KLOE end of August 2012 ; data taking till December 2012 (M. Skurzok)

70. Preliminary evaluation with 2-body decay
Energy loss
PRELIMINARY
Preliminary evaluation with 2-body decay

71. Low-energy kaon scattering below 100 MeV/c missing:

72. Low-energy kaon processes below 100 MeV/c missing:

73. AMADEUS dedicated setup

74. Interest for strangeness (results from ALICE proton-proton enhances strangeness production) ?

77. Conclusions
Kaonic atoms precision studies: SIDDHARTA-2 and perspectives (ongoing)
AMADEUS has an enormous potential to perform complete measurements of low-energy kaon-nuclei interactions in various targets
-> does strangeness play a role in the Universe?
For future: AMADEUS dedicated setup with new active targets (gas and solid)
-> WE INVITE YOU TO JOIN THE AMADEUS and SIDDHARTA-2 COLLABORATION
NEW IDEAS???

78. ASTRA: Advances and open problems in low-energy nuclear and hadronic STRAngeness physics
ECT*, Trento (Italy)
23 Oct 2017 to 27 Oct 2017
Organizers
Catalina Curceanu (LNF – INFN Frascati)
Emiko Hiyama (RIKEN Nishina Center)
Johann Marton (SMI-Vienna) j
Josf Pochodzalla (University of Mainz)
Isaac Vidana (Univ. Coimbra)

80. Isaac Vidana

81. Isaac Vidana

82. Isaac Vidana