1. Sign stimuli in a classic FAP fixed action pattern
Figure 51.3
(b)

2. Kinesis - Sow bugs become more active in dry areas and less active in humid areas
Moist site
under leaf
Dry open
area
Sow
bug
Figure 51.4 A kinesis

3. Oriented Movement / seasonal: Migration
Figure 51.5 Migration

4. Male fiddler crab beckoning to potential mates
Figure 51.6 Male fiddler crab beckoning to potential mates

5. Courtship behavior of the fruit fly
Figure 51.7
(a) Orienting
(b) Tapping
(c) “Singing”

6. Honeybee dance language
(a) Worker bees
(b)
Round dance
(food near)
(c)
Waggle dance
(food distant) A
30°
Figure 51.8 Honeybee dance language C B
Beehive
30°
Location A
Location B
Location C

7. Minnows responding to the presence
(a)
Minnows
before
alarm
Minnows responding to the presence
of an
alarm substance
(b)
Minnows
After pheromone
alarm signal
Figure

8. Imprinting (a) Konrad Lorenz and geese Figure 51.10
(b) Pilot and cranes

9. Does a digger wasp use landmarks to find her nest?
EXPERIMENT
Nest
Pinecone
RESULTS
Figure 51.11
Nest
No nest

10. A young chimpanzee learning to crack oil palm nuts by observing an experienced elder
Figure

11. Are differences in migratory orientation within a species genetically determined?
EXPERIMENT
Scratch
marks
RESULTS
Figure N
Adults from
Britain and
offspring
of British
adults
BRITAIN W E S
GERMANY N
Young
from SW
Germany W E S

12. Western garter snake from a coastal habitat eating a banana slug
Figure 51.16

13. Relationship between mating system
and
male and female
forms.
(a) Monogamous species
(b) Polygynous species
Figure 51.20
(c) Polyandrous species

14. Polygynous species – Male larger and more dominant
Fig b
Figure 51.20b Relationship between mating system and male and female forms
Polygynous species – Male larger and more dominant

15. Polyandrous species – female has multiple partners
Fig c
Figure 51.20c Relationship between mating system and male and female forms
Polyandrous species – female has multiple partners

16. Paternal care by a male jawfish
Eggs
Figure 51.21

17. Female choice - Male stalk-eyed flies
Figure 51.22

18. Appearance / variation of male zebra finches in nature
Figure 51.23

19. Males Compete - Agonistic interaction
Figure 51.25

20. Male polymorphism in the side-blotched lizard (Uta stansburiana)
Figure 51.26

21. Vervet monkeys learning correct use of alarm calls
Figure 51.31

22. Learning Imprinting Learning and problem solving Spatial learning
Cognition
Social learning
Associative learning

23. You should now be able to:
State Tinbergen’s four questions and identify each as a proximate or ultimate causation.
Distinguish between the following pairs of terms: kinesis and taxis, circadian and circannual behavioral rhythms, classical and operant conditioning.
Suggest a proximate and an ultimate cause for imprinting in newly hatched geese.
Explain how associative learning may help a predator avoid toxic prey.

24. Describe how cross-fostering experiments help identify the relative importance of environmental and genetic factors in determining specific behaviors.
Describe optimal foraging theory.
Define and distinguish among promiscuous, monogamous, and polygamous mating systems.
Distinguish between intersexual and intrasexual selection.

25. Explain how game theory may be used to evaluate alternative behavioral strategies.
Define altruistic behavior.
Distinguish between kin selection and reciprocal altruism.
Define social learning and culture.