1. General Reactions
Dr. Ron Rusay

2. General Chemical Reactions
Any chemical reaction can be described as a molecular or atomic change. It produces one or more observable changes.
e.g. color change, gas bubbles, heat, etc.
Reactions are generally described as:
Reactant(s) Product(s)

3. The Reaction of Sodium & Chlorine
The reaction is written as a chemical equation with chemical formulas:
2 Na + Cl NaCl
Reactants Product

4. Chemical Equations
Chemical equations describe the change(s) in Reactant(s) to Product(s) including physical state(s).
Notations: (g), (l), (s), (aq)

5. Types of Chemical Reactions
Combination (Synthesis)
Decomposition
Single Displacement
Double Displacement
Combustion: Oxidation-Reduction
Biological Reactions: Enzyme Catalysts
Example: Fermentation
A 3900-year-old clay tablet, which was found in Iraq between the Tigris and Euphrates rivers, had a Sumerian poem ( honoring Ninkasi, the patron goddess of brewing. It contains the oldest surviving beer recipe, describing the fermentation of the carbohydrates found in bread, bappir, made from barley, honey, dates and sweet aromatic herbs. The global availability of carbohydrates and native microbes (yeasts) has led to the production of many different types of beers, ales, wines, and fruit based alcoholic beverages in many countries throughout the world. [The bottle on the left was found in Eugene, Oregon, ……. But, it dates only to 2016.]
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6. General Chemical Reactions

7. Chemical Reactions Combination (Synthesis) A + B C Example:
H2 (g) + O2 (g) H2O (g)
Water Reaction mechanism
Desoxyn, has been approved by the FDA for treating ADHD and obesity in both adults and children
Crystal meth is short for crystal methamphetamine. It is just one form of the drug methamphetamine.
Methamphetamine is a white crystalline drug that people take by snorting it (inhaling through the nose), smoking it or injecting it with a needle. Some even take it orally, but all develop a strong desire to continue using it because the drug creates a false sense of happiness and well-being—a rush (strong feeling) of confidence, hyperactiveness and energy. One also experiences decreased appetite. These drug effects generally last from six to eight hours, but can last up to twenty-four hours.
METH:
Beannies
Brown
Chalk
Crank
Chicken feed
Cinnamon
Crink
Crypto
Fast
Getgo
Methlies Quik
Mexican crack
Pervitin (Czech Republic)
Redneck cocaine
Speed
Tick tick
Tweak
Wash
Yaba (Southeast Asia)
Yellow powder
CRYSTAL METH:
Batu
Blade
Cristy
Crystal
Crystal glass
Glass
Hot ice
Ice
Quartz
Shabu
Shards
Stove top
Tina
Ventana
Balancing (Conservation of Atoms):
2 H2 (g) + O2 (g) H2O (g)

8. Chemical Reactions Combination (Synthesis) A + B C Example:
H2 (g) + O2 (g) H2O (g)
C10H15N
Molar Mass:
g·mol−1
Desoxyn, has been approved by the FDA for treating ADHD and obesity in both adults and children
Crystal meth is short for crystal methamphetamine. It is just one form of the drug methamphetamine.
Methamphetamine is a white crystalline drug that people take by snorting it (inhaling through the nose), smoking it or injecting it with a needle. Some even take it orally, but all develop a strong desire to continue using it because the drug creates a false sense of happiness and well-being—a rush (strong feeling) of confidence, hyperactiveness and energy. One also experiences decreased appetite. These drug effects generally last from six to eight hours, but can last up to twenty-four hours.
METH:
Beannies
Brown
Chalk
Crank
Chicken feed
Cinnamon
Crink
Crypto
Fast
Getgo
Methlies Quik
Mexican crack
Pervitin (Czech Republic)
Redneck cocaine
Speed
Tick tick
Tweak
Wash
Yaba (Southeast Asia)
Yellow powder
CRYSTAL METH:
Batu
Blade
Cristy
Crystal
Crystal glass
Glass
Hot ice
Ice
Quartz
Shabu
Shards
Stove top
Tina
Ventana
“Breaking Bad”
Walter White
Balancing (Conservation of Atoms):
2 H2 (g) + O2 (g) H2O (g)

9. Synthesis of Water
Three Balloons:

10. An Unwanted Synthesis of Water Combustion & the Hindenburg 1937

11. Chemical Reactions
Decomposition
A B + C
2 NI3 (s) N2 (g) + 3 I2 (s)

12. QUESTION
Ammonium nitrate, when heated, decomposes into nitrogen gas, oxygen gas, and water vapor. What is the sum of the coefficients in the balanced equation using smallest integer coefficients?
A) 3 B) 5 C) 7 D) 9

13. Chemical Reactions Single Displacement AB + C CB + A Example:
HCl (aq) + Mg (s) MgCl2 (aq) + H2 (g)
Balanced Equation: ?
2 HCl (aq) + Mg (s) MgCl2 (aq) + H2 (g)
Name HCl(aq) ?
Hydrochloric acid

14. Single Displacement
Write a balanced equation for the following reaction:
Cu(s) + 2 AgNO3(aq) Ag(s) + Cu(NO3)2 (aq)

15. Chemical Reactions Double Displacement AB + CD AD + CB Example:
A solution of sodium phosphate reacts with a solution of silver nitrate to produce aqueous sodium nitrate and a precipitate of silver phosphate.
Balanced equation: ?
Na3PO4 (aq) + 3 AgNO3 (aq) Ag3PO4 (s) + 3 NaNO3 (aq)

16. Chemical Reactions Predict the products: H2SO4(aq) + NaOH(aq) →
H2SO4(aq) + NaOH(aq) → H2O(l) + Na2SO4(aq)
Balance the equation:
H2SO4(aq) + 2 NaOH(aq) → 2 H2O(l) + Na2SO4(aq)

17. Chemical Equations Combustion: C8H18(l)+ O2(g) CO2(g) + H2O(l)
Oxygen reacts with octane to produce carbon dioxide and water.
Reminder: the equation must balance:
2 C8H18(l)+ 25 O2(g) CO2(g)+18 H2O(l)
Carbon is oxidized: looses 4 electrons
Oxygen is reduced: gains 2 electrons

18. QUESTION

19. Combustion Products Formulas & Multiple Proportions

20. Oxidation-Reduction Reactions “Redox”
Oxidation is the loss of electrons.
Reduction is the gain of electrons.
The reactions occur together. One does not occur without the other.
The terms are used relative to the change in the oxidation state or oxidation number of the reactant(s).

21. Oxidation Number (State)

23. QUESTION

24. QUESTION (More Challenging)
What is the oxidation number of chromium in ammonium dichromate?
A) +3 B) +4 C) +5 D) +6
Formula: ?
(NH4)2Cr2O7

25. ClO4–
ClO3–
ClO2–
ClO– +7 +5 +3 +1

26. QUESTION
Hypochlorous acid is related to the anion found in common household bleach. Identify the formula of the polyatomic anion.
ClO4–
ClO3–
ClO2–
ClO–
HMClass Prep: Figure 2.25

28. QUESTION
In a redox reaction, oxidation and reduction must both occur. Which statement is an accurate statement?
The substance (atom) that is oxidized has a lower oxidation number in the product.
The substance that is oxidized gains electrons.
The substance that is oxidized must have a higher oxidation number afterwards.
The substance that is oxidized must combine with oxygen.

29. Activity increases going up the row
Activity increases going down the row
Activity increases going up the row
Cesium:
Which would be most reactive?
A) Li + I2 B) Na + Cl2 C) Cs + F2
Rubidium:
Write a balanced equation for the rubidium reacting.

30. QUESTION

31. Biological Reactions eg. Fermentation
A 3900-year-old clay tablet, which was found in Iraq between the Tigris and Euphrates rivers, had a Sumerian poem ( honoring Ninkasi, the patron goddess of brewing. It contains the oldest surviving beer recipe, describing the fermentation of the carbohydrates found in bread, bappir, made from barley, honey, dates and sweet aromatic herbs. The global availability of carbohydrates and native microbes (yeasts) has led to the production of many different types of beers, ales, wines, and fruit based alcoholic beverages in many countries throughout the world. [The bottle on the left was found in Eugene, Oregon, ……. But, it dates only to 2016.]

32. QUESTION
Consider the molecular view of reactants converted to a product in the boxes shown below:
Which balanced equation best represents this reaction?
A) NO + Cl2 → Cl2NO B) 2 NO + Cl2 → 2 ClNO
C) N2 + O2 + Cl2 → 2 ClNO D) NO + Cl → ClNO
Correct Answer: B
Question Number: 8