1. Cosmology Test Review

2. Label and Color the Life Cycle of a Star:
White
Dwarf
Black
Dwarf
Medium
Star
Ejects Atmosphere
Red giant
Neutron Star
Nebula
Blue Giant
Red Super Giant
Supernova
Black hole
Size of objects in the solar system

3. What is the spectra of a star and provide two reasons why it is useful to astronomers?
Spectra is the “fingerprint of a star”, the spectral lines tell us the elements being burned, to which scientists can determine the age, distance and “shift” of the star.
State the differences, time frame and products of the Big Bang vs. the Nebular Theory(Vocab Chart).
Big Bang Theory bya, created gravity, all matter and energy and we are still expanding
Nebular Theory bya supernova created a nebula which gravity pulled together to first form our Sun and then the surrounding planets
How does the intensity and dangerousness of energy in the electromagnetic spectrum change from one end to the end next? What causes this increase or decrease in intensity?
as the waves get smaller, the waves become more dangerous, Radio waves are safer and larger than gamma waves because gammas are the smallest and most intense
What happens in the core of a star? Describe this process.
Nuclear Fusion- 2 hydrogen atoms combine to form helium releasing and enormous amount of heat and energy
As a star gets older, how do the elements of nuclear fusion change? How and why is this significant?
The star burns heavier elements as it ages, such as Ca, Fe, Li and Na. This is important because these heavier elements create planets and life

4. Why are all objects in the universe in the shape of a sphere?
What is the difference between background radiation and dark matter/energy?
background radiation is left over from Big Bang, Dark Matter/energy is possibly connected to our expansion and makes up 78% or our Universe’ total mass
3. List the color, size and temperature of every star in the life cycle.
Medium:
Giant:
Super Giant:
White Dwarf:
Neutron:
Because gravity pulls to the center equally
Yellow, our sun, 6000°C
Red or blue, 10x the sun, 4500°C
Red, 1000 x our sun, 3000°C
White, size of earth to Texas, 15,000°C
Blue, 5-10miles (NYC), 35,000°C

5. What is the speed of light?
What is a light-year and what does it measure?
What are all objects in space a sphere?
What is the center of our Milky Way Galaxy see and WHY?
What are the two factors that influence gravity?
186,000 miles per second
Distance that light travels in a year and it measures DISTANCE
Because GRAVITY pulls to the CENTER EQUALLY
Super Giant Stars and Blackholes, because GRAVITY pulls most massive to center!
Mass and DISTANCE (weight is pull of gravity on an object)

6. What is the relationship between gravity and distance? Mass?
Gravity is defined as the “attractive force between object”, meaning all objects have gravitational attraction. Therefore, if I am holding a pencil, that pencil is attracted to me by the force of gravity. So why does the pencil fall to the floor rather than sticking in my hand?
The force of gravity of the earth is larger because the earth has a larger mass.
What is the relationship between gravity and distance? Mass?
Negative with distance and positive with mass
Do heavier objects fall more slowly than lighter objects?
NO! All objects on earth fall a the exact same rate, 9.81m/s2
If the earth were to suddenly disappear, what would happen to the moon?
The moon would travel in a straight line on its own inertia forever unless another force acts upon it
If the gravitational pull of the moon is 1/6 that of earth, how much would your mass be on the moon? What are your weight?
Mass would stay the same, weight would be 1/6 your earth weight

7. Explain why the moon revolves around the Earth instead of the Sun.
Even though the moon is larger than Pluto, which DOES revolve around the Sun, The moon revolves around the Earth because it is CLOSER to the Earth. The two factors that determine the force of gravity are mass and distance.
What relationship exists between the speed of the galaxies moving apart and their initial distance from one another? Name and DESCRIBE this law.
The further away the galaxy is, the faster it is moving- Hubble’s Law
Explain how we KNOW our Sun will NOT supernova, what factor determines whether any star will supernova or not?
The Sun will NOT supernova because it does NOT have enough MASS, only massive stars are unstable and can produce a supernova
What are the TWO forces that “fights” within a star? Which force wins when a supernova occurs?
The OUTWARD force of nuclear fusion and the INWARD of gravity are constantly fighting in a large unstable star. However, gravity eventually wins and a star collapses inward on itself in a supernova!
Explain how when we are looking up at the night sky, we are in fact looking back in time?
Because of the hugeness of space, it takes millions of years for the light given- off by the changes of stars and galaxies to reach us, therefore, these star may have burnt-out or exploded but we will not see if for millions of years.

8. What is the current motion of the Universe
What is the current motion of the Universe? What LAW provides the evidence for this idea?
It is rapidly expanding!
Hubble’s Law shows this because the further away an object is, the faster it is moving away- thus RAPIDLY expanding…what might be the force causing it to speed up?
What is cosmic background radiation?
Radiation, particles and energy leftover by the initial Big Bang. Not only found in NJ but Princeton NJ also used this background radiation to date the universe’s age at billion years old!
What is a quasar and WHY are they so weird?
A freakishly bright object, brighter than a galaxy which is hundreds of billions of stars! (Predicted to be created by galactic black holes that “throw-up” gas and dust as they “eat” entire galaxies!

9. What is the speed of light in miles?
Does the speed of light measure distance or time?
What is the oldest thing ever discover in our Universe? Why is this discovery so significant?
It may be the first galaxy created after Big Bang and it supports the age estimation of our universe as well as shows us how young galaxies form
How does the size the of universe affect your thinking towards an “alien invasion” here on Earth?
The size of the universe of so great that EVEN IF matter could travel the speed of light (very unlikely), it would still take thousands to millions of years to get anywhere within the Universe.
186,000 miles/second
distance

10. What are the THREE theories to the end of the Universe?
Flat- the Universe will stop expanding and eventually all stars will burn out
Big Crunch- expansion will stop and gravity will pull all back for another BIG BANG
Open- the universe will expand forever and eventually all stars will burn out
What are the TWO factors that affect gravity?
Mass and distance
What does a redshift mean?
What type of star is our Sun?
What is a baby star called?
What is the color, temperature and name of the HOTTEST star?
Neutron Star, Blue 35,000
What is Hubbles Law and what does it say about the galaxies in our Universe?
The further away an object is the FASTER is it moving outward and away
What is a constellation?
A small group of stars that make a pattern
An object is moving away
Medium
Protostar

11. Do Now:
1. List the color and temperature for the types of stars in our universe.
Neutron= BLUE, 35,000 White dwarf-=white, 15, Giant= Red or Blue, 4,500
Super Giant =Red, 3,000 Medium= yellow, 6, 000
What is the difference between the ancient Helio and Geocentric models? Who invented each?
What color does copper burn? (think of Statue of Liberty)?
What are the major differences between the Nebular and Big Bang Theories?
BIG BANG (13.7 bya)- Came from a Primordial atom, created the Universe and all its galaxies
NEBULAR (4.5-5bya)-Came form a nebula left from a Supernova of 1 star, Created our little Sun and all its planets
Why is it when we look at the stars “we are looking back in time”?
Because it took the light of the stars YEARS to reach us because the stars are SOOOOO far away!
Geocentric (Earth centered Ptolmey
Heliocentric (SUN centered) Copernicus
GREEN

12. What type of relationship is demonstrated on this graph?
What is the HR Diagram?
A graph that shows the relationship between a star’s temperature and brightness
What type of relationship is demonstrated on this graph?
Positive
What are some of the exceptions on the HR Diagram?
Red Super Giants and White dwarfs
Where does our Sun go on the HR Diagram?
Within the Main Sequence
Which star is the hottest on the HR Diagram?
The Neutron Star

13. When did the Big Bang occur?
13.7 billion years ago
Why is “Big Bang” as poor name for this theory?
It began VERY small- smaller than an electron and secondly there was NO BANG, no air in space to carry sound waves.
3. What are the THREE best supported theories as to the end of universe?
Closed Universe or Big Crunch Theory-gravity will win over dark matter and everything will come together again for another Big Bang
Open Universe Theory- universe will expand forever and eventually all stars will burn out.
Flat Universe Theory- universe will stop expanding but stars will still eventually burn out

14. How long a star lives depends on what factor?
2. The age of our Universe is ____________________, the age of our solar system is ______________________.
The most common type of galaxy in the universe is __________________.
As a star gets older is starts to burn ____________ elements such as calcium and sodium.
Why is it important that older stars burn heavier elements?
Because these older stars, with heavier elements, can generate planets like ours.
13.7 billion
5 billion
Elliptical- WHY?
heavier

15. Why are all objects in the universe in the shape of a sphere?
What is the difference between background radiation and dark matter/energy?
background radiation is left over from Big Bang, Dark Matter/energy is possibly connected to our expansion and makes up 78% or our Universe’ total mass
3. List the color, size and temperature of every star in the life cycle.
Medium:
Giant:
Super Giant:
White Dwarf:
Neutron:
Gravity pulls to the center equally
Yellow, our sun, 6000°C
Red or blue, 10x the sun, 4500°C
Red, 1000 x our sun, 3000°C
White, size of earth to Texas, 15,000°C
Blue, 5-10miles (NYC), 35,000°C

16. What is the speed of light in miles?
What is background radiation and how does it support the Big Bang Theory?
It is the left-over energy from a massive expansion, found everywhere in the universe
Our galaxy is currently in the slow process of combining with the ____________ galaxy.
What is the speed of light in miles?
There are how many stars in our Milky Way galaxy?
219 BILLION STARS!
What happens in the core of a star? Describe this process.
Nuclear Fusion- 2 hydrogen atoms combine to form helium releasing and enormous amount of heat and energy
Heavy elements that make planets, such as calcium, can be found in ________ stars.
Andromeda
186,000miles per second
older

17. What is the current motion of the Universe
What is the current motion of the Universe? What LAW provides the evidence for this idea?
It is rapidly expanding!
Hubble’s Law shows this because the further away an object is, the faster it is moving away- thus RAPIDLY expanding…what might be the force causing it to speed up?
What is cosmic background radiation?
Radiation, particles and energy leftover by the initial Big Bang. Not only found in NJ but Princeton NJ also used this background radiation to date the universe’s age at billion years old!
What is a quasar and WHY are they so weird?
A freakishly bright object, brighter than a galaxy which is hundreds of billions of stars! (Predicted to be created by galactic black holes that “throw-up” gas and dust as they “eat” entire galaxies!

18. What is the speed of light in miles?
Does the speed of light measure distance or time?
Explain how when we are looking up at the night sky, we are in fact looking back in time?
Because of the hugeness of space, it takes millions of years for the light given- off by the changes of stars and galaxies to reach us, therefore, these star may have burnt-out or exploded but we will not see if for millions of years.
What is the oldest thing ever discover in our Universe? Why is this discovery so significant?
It may be the first galaxy created after Big Bang and it supports the age estimation of our universe as well as shows us how young galaxies form
How does the size the of universe affect your thinking towards an “alien invasion” here on Earth?
The size of the universe of so great that EVEN IF matter could travel the speed of light (very unlikely), it would still take thousands to millions of years to get anywhere within the Universe.
186,000 miles/second
distance

19. What are the THREE theories to the end of the Universe?
Flat- the Universe will stop expanding and eventually all stars will burn out
Big Crunch- expansion will stop and gravity will pull all back for another BIG BANG
Open- the universe will expand forever and eventually all stars will burn out
What are the TWO factors that affect gravity?
Mass and distance
What does a redshift mean?
What type of star is our Sun?
What is a baby star called?
What is the color, temperature and name of the HOTTEST star?
Neutron Star, Blue 35,000
What is Hubbles Law and what does it say about the galaxies in our Universe?
The further away an object is the FASTER is it moving outward and away
What is a constellation?
A small group of stars that make a pattern
An object is moving away
Medium
Protostar

20. Explain why the moon revolves around the Earth instead of the Sun.
Even though the moon is larger than Pluto, which DOES revolve around the Sun, The moon revolves around the Earth because it is CLOSER to the Earth. The two factors that determine the force of gravity are mass and distance.
What relationship exists between the speed of the galaxies moving apart and their initial distance from one another? Name and DESCRIBE this law.
The further away the galaxy is, the faster it is moving- Hubble’s Law
Explain how we KNOW our Sun will NOT supernova, what factor determines whether any star will supernova or not?
The Sun will NOT supernova because it does NOT have enough MASS, only massive stars are unstable and can produce a supernova
What are the TWO forces that “fights” within a star? Which force wins when a supernova occurs?
The OUTWARD force of nuclear fusion and the INWARD of gravity are constantly fighting in a large unstable star. However, gravity eventually wins and a star collapses inward on itself in a supernova!

21. What is the speed of light?
What is a lightyear and what does it measure?
What are all objects in space a sphere?
What is the center of our Milky Way Galaxy see and WHY?
What are the two factors that influence gravity?
What is the color and temperature for each of our main stars?
Neutron= BLUE, 35,000 White dwarf-=white, 15, Giant= Red or Blue, 4,500
Super Giant =Red, 3,000 Medium= yellow, 6, 000
What is the difference between the ancient Helio and Geocentric models? Who invented each?
What color does copper burn? (think of Statue of Liberty)?
What are the major differences between the Nebular and Big Bang Theories?
BIG BANG (13.7 bya)- Came from a Primordial atom, created the Universe and all its galaxies
NEBULAR (4.5-5bya)-Came form a nebula left from a Supernova of 1 star, Created our little Sun and all its planets
Why is it when we look at the stars “we are looking back in time”?
Because it took the light of the stars YEARS to reach us because the stars are SOOOOO far away!
186,000 miles per second
Distance that light travels in a year and it measures DISTANCE
Because GRAVITY pulls to the CENTER EQUALLY
Super Giant Stars and Blackholes, because GRAVITY pulls most massive to center!
Mass and DISTANCE (weight is pull of gravity on an object)
Geocentric (Earth centered Ptolmey
Heliocentric (SUN centered) Copernicus
GREEN

22. What makes up 78% of the Universe?
What is the difference between the heliocentric and geocentric ancient models of the universe?
What is nuclear fusion?
What is a pulsar?
What makes up 78% of the Universe?
What is the shape of our orbits (developed by Kepler)?
What is the Nebular Theory?
The Theory that our solar system formed from a massive supernova bya. The debris that rotated rapidly, the proto-sun cooled and accretion of the debris formed Planetisimal and eventually planets
What determines the path and length of a star’s existence?
Who named gravity the force of attraction between objects?
What is a quasar?
When and how was the Milky Way created?
It formed from accretion of debris from the Big Bang around 13 billion years
Helio- sun centered (Copernicus and Galileo) and Geo- Earth centered (Ptolemy- ancient Greece)
2 hydrogen atoms fusing to make Helium and ENERGY
A spinning, electromagnetic neutron star
Dark matter
Elliptical (oval)
Mass
Newton
An odd object brighter than an entire galaxy (now believed to be debris released or rejected by black holes