1. Organic Chemistry

2. Organic Chemistry Has Carbon 4 covalent bonds C has 4 valence e-’s
Low M.P.
tetrahedral
Slow reactors
Poor conductors
Inorganic
Organic
Contains only small amount of Carbon (I.e., carbides, oxides)
Ionic or Covalent bonds
High MP, strong intermolecular forces
Contains Carbon!!!!
(CHON)
Covalent bonds
EXCEPT CO2 it’s inorganic
Hydrocarbons contain Carbon & Hydrogen ONLY!!!!!!

3. Alkane
Single bonds
CnH2n+2
Ends in -ane
Alkene
One double bond
CnH2n
Ends in -ene
H H
H- C- C- H
Ex.
C2H4
H H
H- C=C-H
Ex.
C2H6
Saturated
All single bonds--- ALKANES ONLY!!

4. Aromatic
Ring
CnH2n-6
Benzene Toluene
Alkyne
1 triple bond
CnH2n-2
Ends in -yne
Ex.
C2H2
H-C=C-H
Unsaturated
Double or triple bonds
Alkenes & Alkynes

5. Naming Hydrocarbons Prefix Branches 1-meth 2-eth 3-prop 4-but 5-pent
6-hex
7-hept
8-oct
9-non
10-dec
F-fluoro-
Cl-chloro-
Br-bromo-
CH3- methyl
CH3CH2- ethyl

6. H H H H CH3-CH2-CH2-CH-CH2-CH3 H-C- C- C- C- H CH3 H H H H Steps:
Find longest chain of carbons, circle it
Name the longest chain of carbons
Look for double/triple bonds (tell where they are)
Look for branches, name, & tell where they are
H H H H
H-C- C- C- C- H
H H H H
CH3-CH2-CH2-CH-CH2-CH3
CH3
Ex.
Ex. #2
3-methyl hexane
Butane

7. Characteristics of Hydrocarbons:
Contains only Carbon &
Hydrogen
Can be found in nature
Non polar
Can be straight chained or branched
Low M.P.
Soluble in nonpolar solvents
Non electrolytes
Carbon has 4 valence e-’s, so it makes 4 covalent bonds

8. Isomers
Same molecular formula
Different structural formula
Count up the atoms, put in different order
C5H12
C5H12
-C-C-C-C- C
-C-C-C-C-C-

9. Alcohol -OH name ends in “ol” Acid End in “oic acid” -COOH -C O OH
Primary- 1 C attached to C-OH
Secondary- 2 C attached to C-OH
Tertiary 3 C attached to C-OH
Alcohol OH
name ends in “ol”
Tell what C # it is on
Acid
End in “oic acid”
Occurs at the end of a chain
Conduct electricity
-COOH -C O OH
2-pentanol
CH3COOH
Monohydroxy-1 OH
Dihydroxy-2OH (diols)
Trihydroxy- 3OH (glycerol)
Functional Groups
Table R

10. Ester O -C O-C- Ether CH3CH2OCH3 -C-O-C- Functional Groups -COOC-
Occurs in the middle of a chain
-COOC-
Draw line between single bond O and C
Single bond side (yl)
Double bond side (oate) O -C
O-C-
Ether
Occurs in middle of chain
CH3CH2OCH3
H on the carbon
-C-O-C-
Functional Groups
Branch (yl)
Branch(yl)
ether

11. Amine Functional Groups Ketone CH3COCH3 Amide O CH3CH2CH2CONH2 O
Derivative of ammonia. Has Nitrogen
Name ends in –amine
Must tell what #C it’s on.
-N- Ex. CH3CH2NH2
1- ethanamine
Functional Groups
Ketone
Occurs in the middle of a chain
CH3COCH3
No H on the carbon
Amide
Formed when one of the H’s of the amine react w/the OH of an acid to produce an amide & water.
Has N and a double bonded oxygen
O CH3CH2CH2CONH2
-C-N-H butanamide
On the end. Ends in amide.
Ends in “one”
Tell what C# O
-C-C-C-

12. Functional Groups
Aldehyde HO ends in “al”
occurs at the end of a chain O
-CHO -C H

13. H-C-H + Cl-Cl H-C-Cl + H-Cl H H Br Br C=C + Br-Br H-C-C-H H H H H
Substitution
Substitute on atom for another
Alkane + diatomic
Addition
Add both atoms of the diatomic
Alkene + diatomic
CH4 + Cl2 CH3Cl +HCl
C2H4 + Br2 C2H4Br2
H H
H-C-H + Cl-Cl H-C-Cl + H-Cl
H H Br Br
C=C + Br-Br H-C-C-H
H H H H
Types of Organic Reactions

14. Fermentation C6H12O6 ==> C2H5OH + CO2 Saponification
Enzymatic reaction (zymase)
Glucose ==> ethanol + CO2
C6H12O6 ==> C2H5OH + CO2
Saponification
Fatty acid + strong base==> soap
R-COOH + NaOH ==>
3CH3(CH2)16- C-O-Na+ O
Types of
Organic
Reactions

15. Types of Organic Reactions Polymerization
Condensation: start with an alkane remove water
Addition: start with an alkene
H H H H H H H H
HO-C-C-OH + HO-C-C-OH ==> HO-C-C-O-C-C-OH+H2O
H H H H H H H H
X(C2H4) ==> H(CH2-CH2)xH
Natural : cellulose, starch, proteins
Synthetic: nylon, polyethylene

16. Fractional Distillation
Combustion
Oxidation or burning
Types of
Reactions
CH4 + O2 ==> CO2 +H2O
Fractional Distillation
A process used to separate liquids with different B.P.’s (which is boiled to produce a vapor that’s then condensed into a liquid).
Cracking
A controlled process by which hydrocarbons are broken down or rearranged into smaller, more useful molecules.
Esterification
Alcohol + acid ==> ester + water