1. Energy Resources

2. Energy Resources
Fossil Fuel
Oil
Coal
Natural Gas
Nuclear
Renewable

3. Renewable Resources Hydroelectric Wind Solar Tidal Fuel cell
Geothermal
… …

4. Primary Resources Over 99% of worldwide electric energy Hydro Fossil
Nuclear

5. Electric Energy Resources

6. Electricity Generated by Primary Resources (worldwide, 2010)

7. Electricity Generated by Primary Resources (USA, 2010)

8. Consumed Electric Energy (worldwide, 2010)
16280 Terawatt hours
16.28*1012 kWh

9. Installed Capacity in 2010

10. Example
Compute the annual electrical energy consumption per capita worldwide in

11. Annual Electric Energy Consumption Per Capita Worldwide
World population: 6.89 x 109
world census for 2010
Annual electric energy consumed per capita worldwide
Total world consumption/world population = *1012/6.89*109 = 2.53 MWh

12. Example
Exclude USA and compute the annual electrical energy consumption per capita worldwide in

13. Annual Electric Energy Consumption Per Capita Worldwide without USA
US population in 2010 is 3.1*108
World population without USA:
( )*109 =6.58*109
World Consumption minus USA:
( )*1012 = *1012 kWh
Energy consumed per capita worldwide without USA
13.324*1012/6.58*109 = MWh

14. Example
Compute the annual electric energy consumed per capita in the US in

15. Annual Electric Energy Consumption Per Capita in USA
US population is 3.1*108
US estimate for 2010
Annual electric energy consumed per capita in the USA
4.12*1012/3.1*108 = MWh
Annual electric energy consumed per capita in the USA/ Annual electric energy consumed per capita worldwide = 13.29/2.025 = 6.56

16. Fossil Fuel

17. Consumption of Oil by Sector worldwide

18. Consumption of Oil worldwide
World Consumption=3.06*1010 Barrel

19. Oil Reserve
World known reserve = 1.341*1012 Barrel

20. Consumption of Oil in USA

21. Example
Assume no new oil field is discovered, for how long can we maintain the consumption of oil at the 2010 rate?

22. Solution World known reserve = 1.341*1012 Barrel
Annual world consumption= *106*365=3.128*1010 Barrel.
Oil reserve= 1.341*1012/3.128*1010 = years.

23. Natural Gas Reserve
world reserve = 7.71*1012 m3.

24. Consumption of Natural Gas
World consumption= 2.85*1012 m3

25. Example
Assume no new natural gas field is discovered, then for how long will natural gas last at the consumption rate?

26. Solution The world known reserve as of 2010 is 1.78*1014 m3
The world consumption in 2010 is *1012 m3
The world reserve can sustain the consumption rate for *1014/3.27*1012 = years

27. Coal Reserve

28. Consumption of Coal

29. Nuclear Fuel

30. Types of Nuclear Fuel Uranium Found in nature
Has several isotopes: uranium-234 (U234), U235(0.7%) and U238(99.2%)
subscript indicates the atomic mass of the isotope.
Only U235 can fission in nuclear reactors
Concentration of U235 is increased by an enrichment process
For power plant, U235 concentration is about 3-5%
For weapons, U235 concentration is over 90%.

31. Types of Nuclear Fuel Plutonium (Pu)
A man made element produced in breeder reactors
Created when U238 absorbs a neutron to become U239 and ultimately decays to Pu239.
Has three common isotopes: Pu238, Pu239, and Pu240.
Pu239 is used in nuclear weapons and Pu238 is used in nuclear power plants.
Pu238 is mixed with uranium to form a mixed-oxide fuel that increases the power plant output.

32. Consumption