1. Classification of Living Things
Scientists estimate that there are between 3 million and 100 million species of organisms on Earth.
Taxonomists--biologists who specialize in identifying and classifying life on our planet--have named approximately 1.7 million species so far.
Each year, about 13,000 new species are added to the list of known organisms.
So, how do scientists classify (organize) all these millions of species?

2. 2 Types of Cells 3 Domains and 4 Kingdoms EUKARYOTES PROKARYOTES
organisms with a nuclear membrane
PROKARYOTES
organisms with no nuclear membrane

3. Life's History and Diversity
6/11/2018
The History of Life on Earth
Multicellular eukaryotes (with nuclear membrane) evolved about 1 billion years ago.
For 2.6 billion years, life was unicellular.
Life began on Earth 3.6 billion years ago as a prokaryotic cell (single-celled organism with no nuclear membrane).
The Earth formed 4.5 billion years ago.
Biol 1010, G. Podgorski

4. Life's History and Diversity
6/11/2018
Life’s History
Animals diversified in the ocean about 600 million years ago.
in the ocean
Plants colonized land about 440 million years ago and were followed shortly by animals.
Humans of any sort are a very recent evolutionary development (~ 7 million years ago).
Biol 1010, G. Podgorski

5. Life's History and Diversity
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3 Domains and 6 Kingdoms
Biol 1010, G. Podgorski

6. Life's History and Diversity
Archaea
6/11/2018
The Archaea are one of two groups of prokaryotic organisms, organisms with no nuclear membrane. (Bacteria are the other group.)
Archaea are believed to be the earliest form of life on Earth. Although both archaea and bacteria are simple life-forms, archaea are very different from bacteria.
ARCHAEA
Archaea do not require sunlight for photosynthesis, as plants do, and they do not need oxygen. Archaea absorb CO2, N2, or H2S and give off methane gas as a waste product.
Archaea are best known for living in extremely hostile environments (very hot, very acid, or very salty), but they can also be found in less extreme conditions.
Biol 1010, G. Podgorski

7. Life's History and Diversity
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A Deep Sea Hydrothermal Vent – Prime Habitat for Archaean Extremophiles
video of black smoker
Biol 1010, G. Podgorski

8. Life's History and Diversity
6/11/2018
Hot springs in Yellowstone Park–“Hot” Spots for Archaean Extremophiles
Prismatic Pool, Yellowstone Park
Searching for Archaea in Yellowstone’s Obsidian Pool
Archaea in Yellowstone
Biol 1010, G. Podgorski

9. Life's History and Diversity
6/11/2018
Bacteria – the Most Abundant Organisms
Bacteria (Staphylococcus aureus; yellow spheres) adhering to nasal cilia.
Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae
Borrelia burgdorferi, the bacterium that causes Lyme disease.
E. Coli bacteria
There are more bacteria in your mouth than there have been people living since the dawn of humans.
Biol 1010, G. Podgorski

10. Life's History and Diversity
6/11/2018
What Good Are Bacteria?
Bacteria are the primary recyclers of materials in the environment, particularly nitrogen.
Newsflash!!!
Bacteria discovered that can do photosynthesis!
Biol 1010, G. Podgorski

11. Life's History and Diversity
6/11/2018
What Good Are Bacteria?
Bacteria are also essential for many processes we depend on – sewage treatment, cheese production, antibiotic production, and biotechnological processes like gene cloning and protein production.
Biol 1010, G. Podgorski

12. Bacteria are used to produce insulin and other drugs that people need.

13. The Domain Eukarya is divided into 4 Kingdoms:
Protista
Fungi
Plantae
Animalia
Classifying Critters activity

14. PROTISTS • Protists are eukaryotes because they all have a nucleus.
• Most have mitochondria.
• Many have chloroplasts with which they carry on photosynthesis.
• Many are unicellular and all groups (with one exception) contain some unicellular members.
A better name for Protists would be "Eukaryotes that are neither Animals, Fungi, nor Plants".
Protists
Visit Protist Park

15. FUNGI FUNGI Fungi sometimes look like plants, but they’re not!
Fungi can’t do photosynthesis, because they don’t have chloroplasts; they get their nutrients from the organic material they live in.
 Decomposers, like mushrooms, feed on dead organic material.
 Some fungi feed on living organisms, such as plants, animals and even other fungi. This causes diseases and infections in these organisms (like athlete’s foot and ringworm in humans).
 Some fungi live as symbiotic partners with algae. The result: lichen (pronounced “like-n”). more lichen
Other differences from plants:
• fungi don’t have roots, they have a mycelium.
FUNGI
• fungi’s cell walls are made of chitin, not cellulose.

16. PLANTS No vascular system Vascular system
Mosses, Liverworts, Hornworts
Seedless Plants (reproduce by spores)
Seed Plants (reproduce by seeds)
Ferns, Horsetails, Club Mosses
Gymnosperms (“naked seeds”)
Angiosperms (flowers, seeds enclosed in fruit)
Conifers Cycads Gingkoes
Flowering Plants

17. Plants- Gymnosperms
Thinks like pine trees and evergreens- woody plants that produce seeds inside cones. Needles prevent the plant from losing water.
Adapted to dry conditions and produce pollen
Most of our lumber comes from Gymnosperms.

18. Plants- Angiosperms
Most land plants are flowering plants that produce seeds in fruits.
Flowers can be very small and are the reproductive parts of the plant.
Seeds are dispersed by animals.

19. ANIMALS
Invertebrates (no backbone)
Vertebrates (backbone)

20. Animals- Invertebrates
Animals that lack backbones.
The most abundant inverts are insects who have a waterproof exoskeleton and reproduce quickly.
Plants and insects tend to evolve together, and insects are important plant pollinators.
Insects can become pests through the carrying of disease and do more damage indirectly to humans by eating crops.
Invertebrates also include coral, worms, mollusks (like snails and octopus).

21. Animals- Vertebrates
Organisms with backbones. The first were fish but many have evolved to live on land.
Many amphibians, such as frogs, are partially aquatic and lay eggs in water.
Reptiles were the first vertebrates to complete their entire life cycle on land.
Birds and animals are warm blooded and maintain a high internal temperature, which has allowed them to live in cold areas where other vertebrates can’t survive.

22. As you can see, we mammals (4000 species) are far outnumbered by the other vertebrates, or chordates (38,300). And vertebrates (42,300) are definitely outnumbered by invertebrates (989,700 species). The biggest categories of invertebrates: INSECTS!

23. 3 members of the genus “Felis” (cat).
Taxonomy, or classification, enables scientists to assign a very specific name to every species, so that scientists all over the world know exactly what species is being referred to.

24. Kingdom Phylum Class Order Family Genus Species Class
Remember: Kids Prefer Candy Over Fresh Green Salad

25. Subfamily: Panthernae Genus: Panthera Species: Tigris
Kingdom:  Animalia
Phylum:   Chordata
Class:     Mammalia
Order:    Carnivora
Suborder:   Aeluroidae
Family:   Felidae
Subfamily:   Panthernae
Genus:  Panthera
Species:               Tigris                    
Subspecies              
Panthera tigris altaica Siberian or Amur Tiger, Southeast Russia/China 
Panthera tigris tigris India  
Panthera tigris amoyensis Southern China  
Panthera tigris corbetti Indochina Panthera tigris sumatrae Sumatran Tiger, Sumatra                 

26. Life's History and Diversity
6/11/2018
Primates – Our Order within the Class Mammalia
Humans:
Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Chordata Class: Mammalia Order: Primates Family: Hominidae Genus: Homo Species: H. Sapiens
Biol 1010, G. Podgorski

27. Life's History and Diversity
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This is approximately where the last 60 million years of primate evolution has occurred.
Biol 1010, G. Podgorski