1. Changes in the European View of the World: Exploration
11 The Age of Exploration
WHAT YOU WILL LEARN
At the end of this chapter you should understand ...
The causes (or reasons) for the Age of Exploration.
The changes in navigation which made this possible.
The Portuguese voyages to India and the East.
The first voyage of Columbus.
Magellan’s voyage.
The Spanish conquest of the New World.
The results of the Age of Exploration.

2. How do we know about the Age of Exploration?
Letters of the explorers such as Columbus and those who went on the voyages with them.
Agreements between explorers and the rulers, for example, between Columbus and Ferdinand and Isabella of Spain.
Logbooks of the voyages.
Government records.
Books written at the time about the treatment of the native people.
Artefacts and buildings of the time.

3. Do you think Columbus and the other explorers believed these ideas?
What did Europeans believe about the world before the Age of Exploration?
Earth was flat
People had strange shapes
Boiling seas to the south
Seas full of monsters
The world was smaller
Do you think Columbus and the other explorers believed these ideas?

4. Why did the Age of Exploration begin at this time?
Wealth for Countries
New Trade Routes
Wealth and fame for Explorers
Causes of the Age of Exploration
The Influence of the Renaissance
Marco Polo
Religion

5. What made the Voyages Possible?
– Ships
Features of the new ships
Caravels
Carvel-built
Square sails
Lateen sails
Bow sail
Rudders
Castles
Carrack/nao
Identify the main features of the caravels

6. What made the Voyages Possible?
– Navigation
How was navigation improved?

7. What made the Voyages Possible?
– Navigation
Improvements in Ships and Navigation
Direction
Compass
Latitude
Quadrant, astrolabe, cross-staff
Speed
Log and line
Depth
Lead and line
Ships
Caravels, carracks (naos), carvel-built
Sails
Lateen, square
Steering
Rudder
Time
Sand-glass/hour-glass
How was navigation improved?

8. What was life like on board a ship?
Officers
Sailors
Ship’s biscuit
Firebox
Prayers
Hammocks
Discipline severe
Scurvy

9. The Portuguese Voyages
Myths and religion
Wealth
Reasons for the Voyages
Trade

10. The Portuguese Voyages
PORTUGAL
Lisbon
Sagres
Azores
Canary Islands
Cape Bojador
AFRICA
INDIA
SLAVE COAST
Cape Verde Islands
Calicut
IVORY COAST
GOLD COAST
Equator
Malindi
Indian Ocean
Sofala
Orange River
Atlantic Ocean
Bartholomew Diaz
Vasco da Gama
Cape of Good Hope
What did Diaz and da Gama contribute to Portuguese explorations?

11. The Portuguese Voyages Results of the Portuguese Voyages
Trading posts
and forts
Defeated the Arabs
Large empire
Results of the Portuguese Voyages
Reduced price
of spices
Language and culture
Series of wars

12. The First Voyage of Christopher Columbus
JAPAN
NORTH AMERICA
North Pole
North Pole
‘JAPAN’
ASIA
ASIA
Atlantic Ocean
EUROPE
Columbus 1492
West Indies
Atlantic Ocean
AFRICA
Columbus 1492
EUROPE
Columbus’s world
The actual world
AFRICA
Why did Columbus sail west?

13. The First Voyage of Christopher Columbus
Columbus’s Ships and Crew
What are the features of the Santa Maria?

14. The First Voyage of Christopher Columbus
WIND
Atlantic Ocean
SPAIN
Lisbon
Azores
NORTH AMERICA
Palos
Sargasso Sea
AFRICA
Canary Islands
San Salvador
CUBA
Hispaniola
WIND
Jamaica
EUROPE
What are the main features of Columbus’s voyage across the Atlantic and back?

15. The First Voyage of Christopher Columbus
Results of Columbus’s First Voyage
Columbus discovered a new continent, later called America.
Spain created a great empire and grew rich and powerful.
Spanish culture was spread to the new continent.
The Treaty of Tordesillas was agreed.
LINE OF TORDESILLAS
West Indies
Cape Verde Islands
Spanish
Portuguese

16. The Voyage of Magellan Magellan Portuguese
Got support from Charles V of Spain
El Paso
Five ships, including the flagship, Trinity

17. The Voyage of Magellan
Seville 1522
Seville 1519
End
Start
Atlantic Ocean
The Philippines, the death of Magellan
Victoria reaches Cape Verde Islands
Pacific Ocean
1521 many sailors die from hunger and disease (scurvy)
Spice Islands
Indian Ocean
Rio de Janeiro
Pacific Ocean
Rio de la Plata
Cape of Good Hope
March 1520 St Julian’s Bay
1520 Straits of Magellan
‘El Paso’
What are the main features of Magellan’s voyage?

18. The Voyage of Magellan

19. Results of Magellan’s voyage
The Voyage of Magellan
Spread of Christianity
Spread Spanish Empire and culture
Results of Magellan’s voyage
First complete voyage around the world
Spice Islands in the Portuguese half of the world
Death of Magellan

20. The Spanish Conquest of the New World
Cortes and the Aztecs
Soldier and adventurer
Conquistador
11 ships, 500 men to Mexico
Got help from native tribes conquered by Aztecs
Tenochtitlan
Montezuma prisoner
Killed by his own people
Spaniards got help from neighbouring tribes
Destroyed Tenochtitlan
Became Mexico city
New Spain
Cuba
Expedition of Cortés (1519)
Tenochtitlán
(Mexico City)

21. The Spanish Conquest of the New World
Amazon
Inca Empire of Peru
Expedition of Pizarro (1531–33)
Cajamarca
Cuzco
Pizarro and the Incas
2 ships and 170 men
Captured Atahualpa, Inca emperor
A room full of gold and silver
Spaniards killed Atahualpa
Captured capital, Cuzco
Spaniards fought amongst themselves
Pizarro killed
Gold and silver mines discovered
Spain became wealthy

22. More Explorations GREENLAND North-west Passage North-east Passage
ICELAND
Bristol
Amsterdam
St Malo
Lisbon
JAPAN
Palos
ARABIA
CHINA
NEW SPAIN
Cortés
Tenochtitlán
San Salvador
INDIA
Vera Cruz
WEST INDIES
Cape Verde
Calicut
PHILIPPINES
Pacific Ocean
SPICE ISLANDS
Indian Ocean
Atlantic Ocean
Cape of Good Hope
Strait of Magellan
Spanish explorations
Portuguese explorations
Christopher Columbus (1492–93)
Ferdinand Magellan
Frenchexplorations
English explorations
Dutch explorations
Bartholomew Diaz (1487)
Vasco da Gama (1497)
Jacques Carier (1534)
John Cabot (1497)
William Barents (1596–97)
Spanish Possessions
Portuguese Possessions
French Possessions
English Possessions

23. The Impact of the Age of Exploration
Tomatoes
Pineapple
Sugar
Potatoes
Maize
Pepper
Coffee
Chocolate
Tea
The Impact of the Age of Exploration
Turkey
Impact of the Age of Exploration
Effects on the Colonies
Effects on Europe
Destruction of empires – Aztecs, Incas
Rise of European empires – Portugal, Spain, England, France
Destruction of cultures
Decline of Mediterranean Sea/rise of Atlantic trade and ports
Spread of Christianity
Diseases from new lands
Slavery
New foods and raw materials
Spread of European diseases/decline of native population
Spread of European languages/culture

24. The Impact of the Age of Exploration
Spread of European culture
Spread of Christianity
Rise of Empires
Results of the Age of Exploration
Geographical Knowledge
Decline of the Mediterranean and the Rise of the Atlantic
Slavery
Decay of Empires

25. COLUMBUS’S FIRST VOYAGE
FOCUS TASK 1
Summarise
Draw up a table in a page of your copybook with the heading ‘Columbus’s First Voyage’. Fill in the information in short note form opposite each of the categories.
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COLUMBUS’S FIRST VOYAGE
Reasons
Sponsors
Ships
Incidents on the voyage
Results of the voyage

26. FOCUS TASK 2 Historical Investigation and Analysis
Who was the greater explorer, Columbus or Magellan? Use your textbook and the internet to present the case, for and against, both Columbus and Magellan.
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