1. Part 8
Chapter Eighteen
Civil Rights at Work

2. Chapter Eighteen Learning Objectives
Examine the dichotomy of the founding of the United States: high ideals and human bondage.
Review Constitutional Amendments eliminating slavery and promoting the equality of citizenship for former slaves.
Discuss Civil Rights laws and litigation between 1865 and 1900.
Review the basic elements of Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964.
Review the milestones across American history that reflect the struggle for civil rights.
Examine gender discrimination and occupational segregation.
Examine guidelines on sexual harassment.
Move the concern regarding discriminatory behavior to a new place by asking, “How can we promote diversity in the workplace?”

3. Two Simultaneous Trends in American History
Widespread discrimination and injustice in practice
A UNIQUE PERVERSITY OR THE COMMON CIRCUMSTANCE?
High ideals of humanitarianism and equality

4. The U. S. Constitution (1789)
Slaves count as 3/5 person for apportioning seats to House of Representatives.
Congress cannot end the slave trade before 1808.
The Constitution may not be amended to prohibit imports of slaves before 1808.
Fugitive slaves must be returned to their owners.

5. Reconstruction Amendments and Laws
13th Amendment (1865)
Prohibited slavery
14th Amendment (1868)
No state shall make or enforce any law which shall abridge the privileges or immunities of citizens of the United States; nor shall any state deprive any person of life, liberty, or property, without due process of law; nor deny to any person within its jurisdiction the equal protection of the laws.
15th Amendment (1870)
Protected voting rights of freed slaves
Civil Rights Acts of 1866, 1875
Protected freed slaves against discrimination in employment and in transportation or accommodations.

6. Why Reconstruction Civil Rights Laws Failed
The Hayes-Tilden Compromise (1876)
The Civil Rights Cases (1883)
Plessy v. Ferguson (1896)
THE GOOD, THE BAD & THE UGLY
Lady Liberty sheds tears of shame.

7. Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964
It is unlawful to discriminate in employment based on an individual’s:
Race
Color
Religion
Sex
National Origin

8. Milestones in the Struggle for Civil Rights at Work
Year Milestone
1776 Declaration of Independence
1789 United States Constitution
1865 Fourteenth Amendment
1883 Civil Rights Cases
1896 Plessy v. Ferguson
1954 Brown v. Board of Education
1964 Civil Rights Act of 1964
1965 Executive Order 11246
1971 Griggs v. Duke Power Co.
1979 United Steelworkers v. Weber

9. Gender Discrimination A Worldwide Phenomenon
International Labor Organization study
Women were paid less than men for comparable work in EVERY nation.
Wages were between 50% to 96% of men’s in 1995.
United Nations study ( )
Women’s wages in manufacturing work were lower than men’s in 38 of 39 countries studied.
Wages were 20% to 50% of men’s in 27 of the countries.

10. The Top Nine Jobs Held by Women: 2000*
Number Women as a Percentage
of Women of Total Number of
Occupation (in thousands) Workers in Occupation
1. Secretary 2, %
2. Elementary school teacher 1,
3. Registered Nurse 1,
4. Nursing Aid, orderly or attendant 1,
5. Cashier 1,
6. Health technologist or technician 1,
7. Bookkeeper, accounting,
or auditing clerk 1,
8. Accountants and auditors
9. Receptionist
*Based on number of women working full-time as wage and salary workers in detailed occupational categories
Table 18.1
Source: Bureau of Labor Statistics, Current Population Survey.

11. EEOC Guidelines on Sexual Harassment (1980)
Unwelcome sexual advances, requests for sexual favors, and other verbal or physical conduct of a sexual nature constitute sexual harassment when:
Submission to such conduct is made either explicitly or implicitly a term or condition of an individual’s employment,
Submission to or rejection of such conduct by an individual is used as the basis for employment decisions affecting such individual, or
Such conduct has the purpose or effect of unreasonably interfering with an individual’s work performance or creating an intimidating, hostile, or offensive working environment.

12. How to Promote Diversity in a Corporation
Top management commitment
Recruitment outreach
Affirmative action hiring
Training programs
Mentoring
Encourage social identity groups
Collect data to measure achievements
Adapt policies
Set up reward systems