2. Angiosperms Two Groupings: Monocot and Dicot Based off:
Morphological characteristics
DNA analysis

4. How does a plant flower?
Light Controlled  photoperiodism (is the plants response to light.)
Plants response to light involving relative lengths of day/night
Controls flowering
Happens in conjunction with availability of pollinators and necessary resources

5. Plant Type
Flowering and Light
Examples
Long-day plants
Bloom when days are longest and nights shortest (midsummer)
Radishes, spinach, and lettuce
Short-day plants
Bloom in spring, late summer, and autumn when days are shorter
Poinsettias, chrysanthemums, and asters
Day-neutral plants
Flower without regard to day length
Roses, dandelions, and tomatoes
Night length is controlling factor

6. Plants time dark period
Inactive (Pr)
Active (Pfr)
Phytochrome red Pr Pr
DAY TIME
660 nm
730 nm
Slow conversion
Pfr
Rapid conversion
Pfr
Phytochrome Far-red
Plants time dark period
Pfr
Promoter for long-day plants
Activates specific genes in shoot apex
Inhibitor for short-day plants
Changes DNA transcription (gene expression)-allowing plants to produce flowers.

7. Methods for controlling flowering:
Controlled greenhouses
Covering plants for appropriate time periods

8. Animal Pollinated Flower
Stigma: Sticky top of carpel on which pollen lands
Anther: Part of stamen which produces the make sex cells, pollen
Style: Structure of the carpel that supports the stigma
Ovule: Base of carpel in which the female sex cells develop
Filament: Stalk of stamen that holds up the anther
The entire female part is called the “carpel”.
The entire male part is called the “stamen”.
Sepal: Protect the developing flower while in the bud
Petal: Often are colorful to attract pollinators
Receptacle

9. Complete vs Incomplete Flowers
Complete: has all 4 basic parts: sepal, petals carpel, and stamen.
Incomplete: lacks one of the 4 basic parts
Staminate flowers: only have stamens and no carpels
Carpellate flowers: only have carpels

10. Pollination Pollen Movement: wind/animal vector/water
Coevolution of insects and flowers
Flower colors:
Red- conspicuous to birds
Yellow and orange- noticed by bees
Scented: can be located at night.
Attraction: color/smell
2 types:
Self-pollination: same plant pollination  less genetic variance
Cross-pollination: pollen from one plant goes to stigma of another  increases variation
Problem: harder to pollinate  travelling pollen

11. Fertilization 1. Pollen germinates to produce pollen tube
2. Pollen tube grows down style

12. 3. Within pollen tube is the nucleus that will produce the sperm.
5. 2 sperm moves into ovule
4. Pollen tube attaches to ovary opening
1 – fertilizes egg  zygote
2 – fertilizes 2 polar nuclei  endosperm  cotyledon

13. Plants have 2 different generation cycles.
Gametophyte generation- which is haploid
Produces the plant gametes by mitosis
Sporophyte generation- which is diploid
Produces spores by meiosis.
These generations alternate with each other.

14. Internal Structure of Seeds
Hypocotyl: separate root from shoot
Testa: Tough, protective outer coat
Embryonic shoot and root: Become the new plant when germination occurs
Cotyledon: Seed leaves that function as nutrient storage structures
Micropyle: Scar of the opening where the pollen tube entered the ovule
Seed maturation:
Dehydration (10-15% of weight)
Dormancy period (variable)

15. Conditions needed for germination:
1. Water – rehydrate the dried seed tissues
2. Oxygen – aerobic respiration to produce ATP
3. Appropriate temperature - enzyme action
4. Other specific conditions
No light needed

16. Germination:
Absorb water to rehydrate the seed
Release gibberellin (gibberelic acid)
Plant Hormone
Produces Amylase- caused by the release of gibberellin
Hydrolyzes Maltose into glucose, which can be used in cellular respiration
Cell respiration
Further hydrolyzed into glucose
Converted into cellulose-so that the cell walls may be produced.

17. Pollination vs fertilization
They are 2 very different things!!!
Pollination- is the process by which pollen is places on the female stigma.
Fertilization-happens when the male and female sex cells unite to form a diploid zygote.

18. Next Class Quiz 9.4 Review Plant dissection  possibility
Start seed germination
EXAM TUESDAY!!!