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Oxygenation Chapter 50
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Respiratory Regulation
Chemical Receptors “Respiratory Center”
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Factors Affecting Respiratory Function
Age Environment Lifestyle Health status Medications Stress
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Conditions Affecting Airway
Obstruction Upper airway obstruction Lower airway obstruction Completely obstructed airway - extreme inspiratory effort with no chest movement
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Breathing Patterns Affecting Movement of Air
Eupnea Tachypnea Bradypnea Apnea Hypoventilation Hyperventilation Kussmaul’s breathing Cheyne-Stokes respirations
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Breathing Patterns Affecting Movement of Air (cont’d)
Orthopnea Dyspnea
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Conditions Affecting Diffusion
Hypoxemia Signs and symptoms Chronic hypoxemia
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Conditions Affecting Transport
Conditions that decrease cardiac output Congestive heart failure Hypovolemia
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Assessing Nursing history Physical examination Diagnostic studies
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Nursing Diagnoses Ineffective Airway Clearance
Ineffective Breathing Pattern Impaired Gas Exchange Activity Intolerance
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Planning Maintain a patent airway
Improve comfort and ease of breathing Maintain or improve pulmonary ventilation and oxygenation Improve ability to participate in physical activities
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Implementing: Promoting Oxygenation
Position Frequent position changes Deep breathing and coughing Incentive spirometer Ambulation Implement comfort measures
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Implementing Hydration Medications Bronchodilators Anti-inflammatory
Expectorants Cough suppressants
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Implementing Percussion, vibration, postural drainage (PVD)
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Implementing: Oxygen Therapy
Check vital signs and oxygen saturation level Ordered for clients with hypoxemia, anemia, blood loss Primary care provider specifies concentration, method of delivery, liter flow per minute; may call for titration to achieve therapeutic level
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Evaluation How do we know our interventions are helping?
Collect data to evaluate effectiveness of interventions
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Practice Mrs. Jones scenario
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