1. Photo: R. Gjørven

2. Greywater treatment and reuse
Professor Dr. P. D. Jenssen
Norwegian University of Life Sciences (UMB)
Technologies that emerge from applying ecological thinking to engineering
Ecological Sanitation Symposium, Damascus Syria, December

3. Source separation of wastewater
(Alsen and Jenssen2005)

4. Source separation of wastewater
(Alsen and Jenssen2005)

5. Presentation overview
Greywater production
Nutrients in waste fractions
Greywater composition
Greywater treatment and reuse

6. Nutrients and volume of domestic wastewater fractions
(Vinnerås 2002).

7. (Jenssen et al. 2005a)

8. Greywater volumes per capita and day
(average from 18 investigations; 4 in poor and 14 in rich countries)

9. Greywater volumes per capita and day
liter
liters

10. Greywater composition
(Jenssen et al. 2005a)

11. Greywater composition
(Jenssen and Vråle 2004)

12. Greywater composition
BOD/COD/SS
concentrations as for combined wastewater
Nutrients (nitrogen and phosphorus)
substantially lower concentrations than for combined wastewater
Pathogens (bacteria, viruses)

13. Total nitrogen concentrations in greywater STE (mg/l)
Average 8,4 mg/l
(Jenssen and Vråle 2004)

14. Total nitrogen concentrations in greywater Norway (mg/l)
Drinking water (WHO) 10,0 mg/l
Average 8,4 mg/l
(Jenssen and Vråle 2004)

15. Total phosphorus concentrations in greywater Norway (mg/l)
Average 1,03 mg/l
(Jenssen and Vråle 2004)

16. Greywater constituents relative concern
nitrogen
phosphorus
of the organic matter
bacteria + virus?

17. Greywater treatment options
(Illustration: Jenssen et al. 2005)

18. Greywater treatment options
(Illustration: Jenssen et al. 2005a)

19. Package treatment - Rotating biological contactors

20. BOD reduction
Bacteria reduction

21. ) Phota: P.D. Jenssen

22. Membrane
filtration of
greywater
) Phota: P.D. Jenssen

23. Greywater treatment options
(Illustration: Jenssen et al. 2005a)

24. Ponds at Tingvall conference center- Sweden
Three ponds in series removes:
BOD 90%
Total P 85%
Total N 74%
Bacteria normally good
( )

25. Syria

26. Greywater treatment options
(Illustration: Jenssen et al. 2005a)

27. Infiltration systems Open systems - infiltration in ponds
Subsurface (buried) systems - infiltration trenches
Illustrations: Jenssen and Siegrist 1991
Photos: P.D. Jenssen

28. Infiltration systems - loading rates
Open systems - infiltration in ponds
cm/d
Subsurface (buried) systems - infiltration trenches
1 - 5 cm/d
Illustrations: Jenssen and Siegrist 1991
Photos: P.D. Jenssen

29. Loading rate assessment diagram Md/So (Meso) diagram
1,3
2,0
4,0
Mean grain size (d50)
Sorting ( d60/d10)
K (m/d) L.R. (cm/d)
>
(Jenssen & Siegrist 1991)

30. Large open infiltration system in a sand deposit
Photo: K. Robertsen

31. Large buried infiltration system in a sand deposit
Photo: K. Robertsen

32. Subsurface infiltration and sandfilter
Trench
Mound
Photo: P.D. Jenssen
PDJ 1999
Photos: P.D. Jenssen

33. A mound system
Peilerør
(Jenssen and Heistad 2000)
PDJ 1999

34. Syria

35. Buried infiltration systems
(Siegrist et al. 2000)

36. Buried infiltration systems
Organic matter
Bacteria
Virus ?
(Siegrist et al. 2000)

37. Water treatment by filtration through sand
(Photo: P.D. Jenssen)

38. Infiltration systems bacteria removal
Soil surface
Bacteria/100ml or 100g of soil
Depth cm
Infiltration trench
E coli
Total coli
Total coli
Total bacteria
Cloggede zone
(McCoy and Ziebell 1975)
Background levels 30 cm
below the trench

39. Treatment processes in natural systems
Biological
Chemical
Mechanical
Illustration P.D. Jenssen

40. Reduction of organic matter biofilm media in activated sludge conventional systems
K1*
K2*
Natrix O*
The Kaldnes moving bed process is a biological process where the plastic biomedia is used to ehhance the available biofilm suface in the reactors. This is achieved by the use of small plastic biomedia having a specific surface area in the range of m2/m3.
d= 9 mm
d= 15 mm
d= 60 mm
Biofilm media surface area m2/m3
*Kaldnes TM

41. Reduction of organic matter Porous media as biofilm carrier
Sand
Lightweight aggregate
Particle size mm
Particle size
2-5mm
Using a special biofilm media iFiltralite - that is developed in s developed in Norway. The biofilm area of this media is > 500m3/m3 and much largeer than any plastic biofilm media.. The result i a nother energy efficient method. I do not know which one is the most efficient this r the KMT, but both have cut energy costs and made N-removal of the cold and diluted Norwegian wastewater acceptablew.
Photo: P.D. Jenssen
Surface area
> 5000m2/m
Surface area
>> 5000m2/m

42. Infiltration systems treatment efficiency
BOD > 90%
Total P >90%
Total N %
Bacteria - very good
(Photo: P.D. Jenssen)

43. Greywater treatment options
(P.D. Jenssen et al. 2005a)

44. Constructed wetland with subsurface flow
(Illustration: T. Mæhlum)

45. Constructed wetland with integrated and separate pretreatment filter
( Jenssen and Heistad 2000)

46. Constructed wetland for one dwellling with WC
(Illustration: Maxit Group)

47. The size of the horisontal subsurface flow wetland section based on 15 years of P-sorption
Domestic WW: m3/person
Greywater: m3/person 7
40 m2/family
(Illustration: Maxit Group)

48. Greywater - 1/4 the area
of greywater +WC
(Photo: P.D. Jenssen)

49. Greywater treatment Pretreatment biofilter
Pump/siphon
Septic tank
Level control &
sampling port
Horizontal subsurface flow wetland filter
(Jenssen and Vråle 2004)

50. Constructed wetland at Dal primary school Norway
Photos: P.D. Jenssen
Parameter Influent Effluent
mg/l mg/l
Total - P , ,2
Total - N , ,0
COD
SS < 5
T. coli. /100ml < 2
(Jenssen et al. 2005b)

51. Agricultural use of water and nutrients from constructed wetlands
Photo: P.D. Jenssen

52. Constructed wetland
flow direction/purification
High quality effluent

53. Pretreatment biofilter performance
Dome with
TF- nozzle
BOD removal: %
Complete nitrification
Total-N removal 5-40%
SS %
Bacteria reduction: up to 5 logs 2m
Grain size: mm
Depth: cm
Area: 0,3 - 2,0m2/person
(Jenssen et al. 2005b)

55. Pretreatment biofilter
Porous media
LWA
Diam: 2,5 mm
Surface area
> 5000m2/m3
Bacteria on
LWA
surface

56. Pretreatment biofilter removal of virus
Bacteriophage PRD 1
adsorbed to the
biofilm surface
Surface area
> 5000m2/m3
Monodisperse
particles
(1um)
Ingested
by micro-
organism
(Heistad 2005)

57. Student dormitories in Norway
Studentboliger Kaja
48 students
Vacuum toilets
Local greywater treatment

58. Greywater treatment student housing Norway Effluent values
Total - P ,04 mg/l
Total - N ,2mg/l
BOD ,9 mg/l
Termotolerant coli <100
PBF
(Jenssen and Vråle 2004)
Wetland
48 students
Wetland area: 2 m2/student
Foto: P. Jenssen

59. Torvetua Norway 42 condominiums vacuumtoilets
Local greywater treatment

60. Torvetua - Local greywater treatment
Treatment results
BOD <10 mg/l
Phosphorus ,2 mg/l > 80 %
Nitrogen: ,0 mg/l %
Bacteria: swimming water quality
(Jenssen and Vråle 2004)

61. Kuching Malaysia

62. Pilot project Hui Sing Garden
Greywater treatment
Photo: P.D. Jenssen

63. Greywater treatment Pretreatment biofilter
Pump/siphon
Septic tank
Level control &
sampling port
Horizontal subsurface flow wetland filter
(Jenssen and Vråle 2004)

64. Final discharge 1st chamber of oil Pump sump and grease trap
Photo: Y. Fevang

65. Photo: P.D. Jenssen

66. Greywater treatment - Malaysia
(Jenssen et al c)
Preliminary results:
BOD < 2 mg/l
Total N 2.2 mg/l
Total P 1.9
Faecal coliforms 50/100ml
Photo: P.D. Jenssen
Photo: P.D. Jenssen
Photo: Y. Fevang

67. Greywater treatment in urban areas - OSLO NORWAY
Klosterenga

68. Greywater treatment in OSLO
Klosterenga oversikt
Greywater treatment in OSLO
33 apartments
100 persons
Area 1m2/person

69. Greywater treatment in OSLO
Klosterenga oversikt
Greywater treatment in OSLO
Pretreatment
Biofilter (PBF)
33 apartments
100 persons
Area 1m2/person

70. Greywater treatment in OSLO
Klosterenga oversikt
Greywater treatment in OSLO
Pretreatment
Biofilter (PBF)
Horisontal
subsurface
flow CW
33 apartments
100 persons
Area 1m2/person

71. Greywater treatment Klosterenga Oslo Pretreatment biofilter: 10 domes
60 cm 2-4mm LWA
Horizontal subsurface flow filter:
100 m3 FiltralitePTM
1,8 m deep
(Jenssen and Vråle 2004)

72. Pretreatment biofilter (PBF) Klosterenga - under construction

73. Klosterenga Oslo Greywater treatment at Effluent values:
Termotolerant coliform bacteria: 0
Total-N: ,5 mg/l
Total-P: ,02 mg/l
P-sorption capacity; approx. 50 years
I bakgården til miljøboligene på Klosterenga i Oslo ligger et naturbasert renseanlegg som renser gråvannet fra de 33 leilighetene i miljøboligene. Anlegget er en del av den parkmessige utformingen av bakgården. Institutt for tekniske fag har vært ansvarlige for anleggets funksjon. Landsklpsarkitetkfirmaet Grindaker har stått for estetisk utforming. Fosfor 10g/d bindingskap. 2kg/m2.
(Jenssen and Vråle 2004)

74. Klosterenga Oslo Inhouse use ? Greywater treatment at Effluent values:
Fecal coliforms:
Total-N: ,5 mg/l
Total-P: ,02 mg/l
I bakgården til miljøboligene på Klosterenga i Oslo ligger et naturbasert renseanlegg som renser gråvannet fra de 33 leilighetene i miljøboligene. Anlegget er en del av den parkmessige utformingen av bakgården. Institutt for tekniske fag har vært ansvarlige for anleggets funksjon. Landsklpsarkitetkfirmaet Grindaker har stått for estetisk utforming. Fosfor 10g/d bindingskap. 2kg/m2.
(Jenssen and Vråle 2004)

75. I bakgården til miljøboligene på Klosterenga i Oslo ligger et naturbasert renseanlegg som renser gråvannet fra de 33 leilighetene i miljøboligene. Anlegget er en del av den parkmessige utformingen av bakgården. Institutt for tekniske fag har vært ansvarlige for anleggets funksjon. Landsklpsarkitetkfirmaet Grindaker har stått for estetisk utforming. Fosfor 10g/d bindingskap. 2kg/m2.
Local discharge

76. I bakgården til miljøboligene på Klosterenga i Oslo ligger et naturbasert renseanlegg som renser gråvannet fra de 33 leilighetene i miljøboligene. Anlegget er en del av den parkmessige utformingen av bakgården. Institutt for tekniske fag har vært ansvarlige for anleggets funksjon. Landsklpsarkitetkfirmaet Grindaker har stått for estetisk utforming. Fosfor 10g/d bindingskap. 2kg/m2.
Irrigation

77. Photos: P.D. Jenssen
I bakgården til miljøboligene på Klosterenga i Oslo ligger et naturbasert renseanlegg som renser gråvannet fra de 33 leilighetene i miljøboligene. Anlegget er en del av den parkmessige utformingen av bakgården. Institutt for tekniske fag har vært ansvarlige for anleggets funksjon. Landsklpsarkitetkfirmaet Grindaker har stått for estetisk utforming. Fosfor 10g/d bindingskap. 2kg/m2.
Groundwater recharge

78. Conclusions
Compact reliable RBC systems are available for decentralized greywater treatment
Investment and maintenance costs are high
Can produce water for recycling

79. Conclusions
Infiltration are well suited for greywater disposal and treatment and much experience exist
Infitration systems have very low investment and operational cost
Infiltration systems have excellent bacteria removal capability and recharge groundwater aquifers

80. Conclusions
A simple vertical flow biofilter followed by a horizontal flow wetland filter is developed for greywater treatment
The area requirement is 1-2 m2/ person which facilitates use in urban settings
High quality effluent that meets swimmig water standard with respect to indicator bacteria is produced
The effluent is suitable for irrigation groundwater recharge or local discharge
The effluent constitute an excellent raw water for upgrading to inhouse use.

81. Thank you!
Norwegian University of Life Sciences

82. Ecosan education The Norwegian University of Life Sciences
MSc programs
Short courses

83. Main references
Jenssen P.D., J. Heeb, K. Gnanakan and K. Conradi Ecosan Curriculum, GTZ/UNEP, in preparation.
Jenssen P.D., T. Mæhlum, T. Krogstad and Lasse Vråle. 2005b. Treatment Performance of Multistage Constructed Wetlands for Wastewater Treatment in Cold Climate. Journal of Environmental Science and Health. Vol 40 (6-7)
Jenssen P.D., L. Seng , B. Chong, T. H. Huang4, Y. Fevang, I. Skadberg, 2005c. An urban ecological sanitation pilot study in humid tropical climate. Proc. 3rd. International conference on ecological sanitation. Durban, South Africa pp
Siegrist, R.L., Tyler, E.J., Jenssen, P.D Design and peformance of onsite wastwater soil absorption systems. Paper presented at National Research Needs Conference Risk-Based Decision Making for Onsite Wastewater Treatment, St. Louis, Missouri, May USEPA, Electic Power Research Inst. Community Env. Center, National Decentralized Water Resources Capacity Development Project.
Vinnerås, B Possibilities for sustainable nutrient recycling by faecal separation combined with urine diversion. Agraria Doctoral thesis. Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala.
Alsén K.W. and P.D. Jenssen Ecological Sanitation – for mankind and future. Information folder prepared for the UN-conference CSD-13 New York April.
Heistad A Virus removal in porous media. PhD thesis under preparation. Department of Mathematical Sciences and Technology, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Ås Norway.
Jenssen, P.D. and R.L. Siegrist Integrated loading rate determinations for wastewater infiltration systems sizing. On-site wastewater treatment. Proc. 6th Symposium on Individual and Small Community Sewage Systems Dec Chichago Illinois. ASAE Publ , pp
Jenssen P.D. and A. Heistad Natuyrbasert avløpsteknologi. Kompendium. Department of Mathematical Sciences and Technology, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, 1432 Ås, Norway.
Jenssen, P. D. and L. Vråle Greywater treatment in combined biofilter/constructed wetlands in cold climate In: C. Werner et al. (eds.). Ecosan – closing the loop. Proc. 2nd int. symp. ecological sanitation, Lübeck Apr , GTZ, Germany, pp: