1. Chapter 30: Nuclear and High Energy Physics
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2. Goals for Chapter 30 To study the properties of nuclei.
To understand why nuclei are stable (or not).
To overview radioactivity, radiation, and the life sciences.
To summarize nuclear reactions, fission, and fusion.
To overview fundamental particles and high-energy physics.
To introduce cosmology.
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3. Get a Mental Picture of the Sizes
If the stadium were an atom, the nucleus would be a garden pea at about second base. The electrons would fill the city it was in!
Refer to Example 30.1
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4. The Atomic Nuclei Are Consistent But Different
Refer to Table 30.1.
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5. Atomic Masses – Table 30.2
Refer also to Problem Solving Strategy 30.1.
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6. E = mc2 and the Mass Defect – Figure 30.1
Refer to Example 30.2.
The only explanation for missing mass when atoms are split is conversion to energy. This is our first example of non-conservation!
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7. N, P, and Nuclear Stability – Figure 30.2
Notice that N = P is stable only in very light elements. Heavier, stable nuclei have N > P.
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8. Alpha Decay – Figure 30.3
Because of their size and speed, alpha particles are the least penetrating of particulate radiation.
Refer to the text on page 967 for examples and elements prone to this type of decay.
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9. Beta and Gamma Radiation – Figure 30.4
A beta particle is an electron and is more penetrating that an alpha particle.
Gamma rays are very energetic electromagnetic radiation (more so than even x-rays).
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10. The Decay Series – Figure 30.5
From a very heavy element like Uranium-238, one can trace steps of decay all the way to Pb-206.
Refer to Quantitative Analysis 30.2 and Example 30.3.
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11. Terms and Definitions from Nuclear Chemistry
Decay Rates
Number of radioactive nuclei remaining after time t
Half life
Decay constant and half life
Activity
Lifetime
Curie
Becquerel
Refer to Conceptual Analysis 30.3, Example 30.4
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12. Radiation and the Life Sciences – Define Terms
Gray
Rad
RBE
Sievert
Rem
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13. Applications Conceptual Analysis 30.4 – Absorbing radiation
Example 30.5 – Medical x-rays
Radiation hazards
Radon hazards
Example 30.6 – Radiation in the air
Medical applications
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14. Nuclear Reactions/Nuclear Energy
A reaction with emission/decay or bombardment/addition.
Nuclear reactions are exothermic (exoergic) and endothermic (endoergic). See Examples 30.7 and 30.8.
Nuclear fission
Fission fragments
Induced fission
Spontaneous fission
Chain reactions
Nuclear reactors
Nuclear weapons
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15. Chain Reaction – Figure 30.10
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16. Nuclear Power Plant – Figure 30.11 and Example 30.9
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17. Nuclear Fusion and Fundamental Particles
Something we've seen in our sun and weapons. A commercial power plant based on nuclear fusion is a problem of containment, of engineering.
Fundamental particles
Neutron
Positron
Antiparticles/pair production
Mesons
Pions
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18. High Energy Physics – Terms
Formed around the four forces
The strong interaction
The electromagnetic interaction
The weak interaction
The gravitational interaction
More particles
Antiproton
Hadrons
Leptons
Bosons
Fermions
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19. Leptons
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20. The Hadrons
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21. Further Terms See baryon Example 30.10 Strangeness Conservation laws
See Conceptual Analysis 30.5
Quarks
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22. Quarks
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23. Topics and Terms Grand or unified field theory The expanding universe
Red and blue shifts/Hubble's law
The Big Bang/critical density
Dark matter and dark energy
Matter and antimatter
Pages 994–995 propose a chronological history of the universe.
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