1. Introduction to Biotechnology
Manipulating and Analyzing DNA

2. Uses of Biotechnology Analyzing human DNA DNA fingerprinting
Genetic diseases
DNA fingerprinting
Forensics
The Human Genome Project
Identifying all genes in the human genome
Gene therapy
Curing disease

4. Genetic Engineering
Definition: introducing a set of genetic information (genes) directly into an organisms DNA
How is this done?
With use of restriction enzymes
Plasmid DNA

5. Restriction Enzymes
Proteins originally made to protect against viruses
Restriction Enzymes chut DNA at specific sequences called recognition sites
Recognition sites are sequences of DNA that enzymes recognize

6. The “Ends” Two types of cuts result from restriction enzymes:
“Sticky” ends leave exposed bases ready to hydrogen bond. Eco RI below is an example.
“Blunt” ends leave NO bases exposed Eco RV below is an example
DNA ligase joins “the ends” of cut DNA together

7. DNA Recombination DNA fragments cannot function all by themselves
They must become part of the genetic material of LIVING cells before the genes they contain can be activated
DNA fragments + DNA from a living cell = Recombinant DNA
DNA fragments are often inserted in plasmids (found in bacteria) that have been cut with the same sticky ends

8. Plasmids Circular double-stranded DNA (bacterial)
Used in biotechnology because they are circular, small, and replicate on their own

9. Plasmids + DNA of interest
Restriction enzyme EcoRI used to isolate gene of interest
Same restriction enzyme EcoRI used to cut plasmid DNA
Sticky ends match up.
Gene of interest is inserted into plasmid=recombinant DNA

10. Genetic Engineering Example
Insulin is made for diabetics
a) Cut open plasmid and DNA with gene encoding for insulin with restriction enzymes
b) Mix cut plasmid with cut DNA (they have the same sticky ends)
c) Seal with ligase
d) Insert recombinant DNA (plasmid) into bacteria
e) Recombinant DNA replicates and bacteria divides
f) DNA is transcribed and translated = insulin

12. Engineering New Organisms
Transgenic Organisms:
Organisms that contain “foreign” DNA are termed transgenic
May be bacteria, plants, or animals

13. Examples of GFP gene

14. This All Involves One Thing…
DNA Sequencing: reading or identifying the sequence of bases along the length of a DNA molecule AND understanding what that sequence codes for…