1. INFRA RED SPECTROSCOPY
CONTENTS
Prior knowledge
Origins of infra red spectra
Vibrations of bonds in molecules
The Infra Red spectrophotometer
Uses of IR
Interpretation of IR spectra
Characteristic absorption frequencies
Check list

2. INFRA RED SPECTROSCOPY Before you start it would be helpful to…
know the names and structures of organic functional groups

3. INFRA RED SPECTROSCOPY
Different covalent bonds have different strengths due to the masses of different atoms at either end of the bond.
As a result, the bonds vibrate at different frequencies
The frequency of vibration can be found by detecting when the molecules absorb electro-magnetic radiation.
Various types of vibration are possible.
Examples include... STRETCHING and BENDING

4. INFRA RED SPECTROSCOPY
Different covalent bonds have different strengths due to the masses of different atoms at either end of the bond.
As a result, the bonds vibrate at different frequencies
The frequency of vibration can be found by detecting when the molecules absorb electro-magnetic radiation.
Various types of vibration are possible.
Examples include... STRETCHING and BENDING
SYMMETRIC BENDING ASYMMETRIC
STRETCHING STRETCH

5. * Only molecules which change their polarity as they vibrate can absorb infrared radiation.
* So H-H and Cl-Cl will not absorb infrared radiations but H-Cl will
* H2O, CO2, CH4 and NO
molecules absorb IR radiation and are greenhouse gases, whilst O2 and N2 are not.

6. (a) Greenhouse gases can absorb infrared radiation
(a) Greenhouse gases can absorb infrared radiation. Explain why carbon dioxide
absorbs infrared radiation but oxygen cannot.
*CO2 has polar bonds / oxygen does not have
polar bonds
*(As it vibrates) polarity of CO2 changes / dipole
moment changes / shifts

7. BENDING AND STRETCHING IN WATER MOLECULES
SYMMETRIC STRETCHING

8. BENDING AND STRETCHING IN WATER MOLECULES ASYMMETRIC STRETCHING

9. BENDING AND STRETCHING IN WATER MOLECULES

10. The Infra-red Spectrophotometer
• a beam of infra red radiation is passed through the sample
• a similar beam is passed through the reference cell
• the frequency of radiation is varied
• bonds vibrating with a similar frequency absorb the radiation
• the amount of radiation absorbed by the sample is compared with the reference
• the results are collected, stored and plotted

11. The Infra-red Spectrophotometer vibration having absorbed energy
A bond will absorb radiation of a frequency similar to its vibration(s)
normal vibration
vibration having absorbed energy

12. INFRA RED SPECTRA - USES
IDENTIFICATION OF PARTICULAR BONDS
IN A MOLECULE
The presence of bonds such as O-H and C=O within a molecule can be confirmed because they have characteristic peaks in identifiable parts of the spectrum.

13. INFRA RED SPECTRA - USES
IDENTIFICATION OF PARTICULAR BONDS
IN A MOLECULE
The presence of bonds such as O-H and C=O within a molecule can be confirmed because they have characteristic peaks in identifiable parts of the spectrum.
IDENTIFICATION OF COMPOUNDS BY DIRECT COMPARISON OF SPECTRA
The only way to completely identify a compound using IR is to compare its spectrum with a known sample. The part of the spectrum known as the ‘Fingerprint Region’ is unique to each compound.

14. INFRA RED SPECTRA - INTERPRETATION
Infra-red spectra are complex due to the many different vibrations taking place in each molecule.

15. INFRA RED SPECTRA - INTERPRETATION
Infra-red spectra are complex due to the many different vibrations taking place in each molecule.
Total characterisation of a substance based only on its IR spectrum is almost impossible unless one has computerised data handling facilities for comparison of the obtained spectrum with one in memory.

16. INFRA RED SPECTRA - INTERPRETATION
Infra-red spectra are complex due to the many different vibrations taking place in each molecule.
Total characterisation of a substance based only on its IR spectrum is almost impossible unless one has computerised data handling facilities for comparison of the obtained spectrum with one in memory.
The technique is useful when used in conjunction with other methods -nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy and mass spectroscopy.

17. INFRA RED SPECTRA - INTERPRETATION
Infra-red spectra are complex due to the many different vibrations taking place in each molecule.
Total characterisation of a substance based only on its IR spectrum is almost impossible unless one has computerised data handling facilities for comparison of the obtained spectrum with one in memory.
The technique is useful when used in conjunction with other methods -nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy and mass spectroscopy.
Peak position depends on bond strength
masses of the atoms joined by the bond
strong bonds and light atoms absorb at lower wavenumbers
weak bonds and heavy atoms absorb at high wavenumbers

18. INFRA RED SPECTRA - INTERPRETATION
Vertical axis Absorbance the stronger the absorbance the larger the peak
Horizontal axis Frequency wavenumber (waves per centimetre) / cm-1
Wavelength microns (m); 1 micron = 1000 nanometres

19. FINGERPRINT REGION
• organic molecules have a lot of C-C and C-H bonds within their structure
• spectra obtained will have peaks in the 1400 cm-1 to 800 cm-1 range
• this is referred to as the “fingerprint” region
• the pattern obtained is characteristic of a particular compound the frequency
of any absorption is also affected by adjoining atoms or groups.

20. IR SPECTRUM OF A CARBONYL COMPOUND
• carbonyl compounds show a sharp, strong absorption between 1700 and 1760 cm-1
• this is due to the presence of the C=O bond

21. IR SPECTRUM OF AN ALCOHOL
• alcohols show a broad absorption between 3200 and 3600 cm-1
• this is due to the presence of the O-H bond

22. IR SPECTRUM OF A CARBOXYLIC ACID
• carboxylic acids show a broad absorption between 3200 and 3600 cm-1
• this is due to the presence of the O-H bond
• they also show a strong absorption around 1700 cm-1
• this is due to the presence of the C=O bond

23. IR SPECTRUM OF AN ESTER
• esters show a strong absorption between 1750 cm-1 and 1730 cm-1
• this is due to the presence of the C=O bond

24. WHAT IS IT! ALCOHOL ALDEHYDE CARBOXYLIC ACID
One can tell the difference between alcohols, aldehydes and carboxylic acids by comparison of their spectra.
ALCOHOL
O-H STRETCH
ALDEHYDE
C=O STRETCH
O-H STRETCH
C=O STRETCH
AND
CARBOXYLIC ACID

25. i) C-H stretching absorptions in alkanes, alkenes and aldehydes
ii) O-H stretching absorption in alcohols and carboxylic acids
iii) N-H stretching absorption in amines
iv) C=O stretching absorption in aldehydes and ketones
v) C-X stretching absorption in halogenoalkanes

26. CHARACTERISTIC FREQUENCIES
N-H
CN
C-Cl
O-H
C=O
C-O
C-H
Aromatic C-C
C=C
C-C alkanes

27. CHARACTERISTIC ABSORPTION FREQUENCIES
Bond Class of compound Range / cm-1 Intensity
C-H Alkane strong
C-C Alkane weak
C=C Alkene variable
C=O Ketone strong
Aldehyde strong
Carboxylic acid strong
Ester strong
Amide strong
C-O Alcohol, ester, acid, ether strong
O-H Alcohol (monomer) variable, sharp
Alcohol (H-bonded) strong, broad
Carboxylic acid (H-bonded) variable, broad
N-H Amine, Amide (approx) medium
CN Nitrile medium
C-X Chloride strong
Bromide strong
Iodide (approx) strong

28. What should you be able to do?
REVISION CHECK
What should you be able to do?
Understand the origin of IR spectra
Identify peaks associated with O-H and C=O bonds
Contrast the spectra of alcohols, carbonyls and carboxylic acids
CAN YOU DO ALL OF THESE? YES NO

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30. Try some past paper questions
WELL DONE!
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