1. Chapter 7 (B): Classical Conditioning: Expanding Pavlov’s Understanding
A.P. Psychology

2. Do-Now: (In Journal) Pavlov’s Experiment in “Classical Conditioning”
Identify the following components of Pavlov’s experiment.
1.__ Neutral Stimulus
2.__ Unconditioned (Unlearned) Stimulus
3.__ Unconditioned (Unlearned) Response
4.__ Conditioned (Learned) Stimulus
5.__ Conditioned (Learned) Response
A. Bell B. Food C. Salivation (to Food) D. Salivation (to Bell)

3. Acquisition Acquisition: Classical Conditioning: Operant Conditioning:
Initial stage, when one links a neutral stimulus and an unconditioned stimulus
Neutral stimulus begins triggering conditioned response
Operant Conditioning:
The strengthening of a reinforced response
Neutral stimulus should come (.5 seconds) before the unconditioned stimulus

4. Acquisition
The Conditioned Stimulus (CS) needs to come half a second before
the Unconditioned Stimulus (UCS) for acquisition to occur.

5. Acquisition Higher-Order Conditioning:
The conditioned stimulus in one experience is paired with a new neutral stimulus, creating a second (often weaker) conditioned stimulus
E.g. An animal that learns that a tone predicts food might then learn that a light predicts the tone and may begin responding to the light alone

6. Generalization Generalization:
The tendency, once a response has been conditioned, for stimuli similar to the conditioned stimulus to elicit similar responses
John B. Watson, Rosalie Rayner: “Little Albert”

7. Generalization
Interpret this quote:
“The cat, having sat upon a hot stove lid, will not sit upon a hot stove lid again. But he won't sit upon a cold stove lid, either.”
–Mark Twain

8. Discrimination Discrimination:
The learned ability to distinguish between a conditioned stimulus and stimuli that do not signal an unconditioned stimulus

9. pet dog may exhibit discrimination
Can you think of an
example of how a
pet dog may exhibit discrimination
of a stimulus?

10. Extinction Extinction: The diminishing of a conditioned response
Classical Conditioning:
An unconditioned stimulus (US) does not follow a conditioned stimulus (CS)
Operant Conditioning:
A response is no longer reinforced

11. Extinction
How could Pavlov make the conditioned response (salivating to the sound of a bell) become extinct?

12. Spontaneous Recovery Spontaneous Recovery:
The reappearance, after a pause, of an extinguished response

13. Learned Helplessness Learned Helplessness:
The hopelessness and passive resignation an animal or human learns when unable to avoid repeated or aversive events

14. Learned Helplessness
How might being bullied as a child lead to the individual experiencing “learned helplessness?”
How might school leveling/tracking lead to the individual experiencing “learned helplessness?”
How would you suggest the individual should work to correct this learned behavior?

15. Biological Predispositions
John Garcia showed that the duration between the CS and the US may be long (hours), but yet result in conditioning. A biologically adaptive CS (taste) led to conditioning but other stimuli (sight or sound) did not.

16. Biological Predispositions
Even humans can develop classically to conditioned nausea.

17. Biological Predispositions
Psychologists may suggest that alcoholics use “Antabuse,” a pill that causes nausea when combined with alcohol
The use of this drug may serve to condition the alcoholic to become nauseous when drinking alcohol (aversive conditioning)

18. Applications of Classical Conditioning
1. Former crack cocaine users should avoid cues (people, places) associated with previous drug use.
2. Through classical conditioning, a drug (plus its taste) that affects the immune response may cause the taste of the drug to invoke the immune response.

19. Applications of Classical Conditioning
John B. Watson used classical conditioning procedures to develop advertising campaigns for a number of organizations, including Maxwell House, making the “coffee break” an American custom.

20. Review What is acquisition?
Provide an example of the following elements of Classical Conditioning:
Generalization
Discrimination
Extinction
Spontaneous Recovery
In what ways was the Study of “Little Albert” unethical?

21. Homework Chapter 7: Key People
Research Study # 10: “Little Emotional Albert” (Pgs )
Chapter 7 A and B: Quiz: “Learning”