1. The Turbulent Sixties

2. Nonviolent to Black Power
Civil Rights:
Nonviolent to Black Power
MLK: “I have a dream…”

3. Malcolm X: “…by any means necessary.”

4. Civil Rights: Nonviolent to Black Power
Peak of Nonviolent Success
Organizations such as SCLC, CORE, and SNCC worked to gain equality within American society
Freedom Summer (1964) registered voters
Civil Rights Act of 1964
Voting Rights Act (1965)
24th Amendment

5. Civil Rights: Nonviolent to Black Power
B. New Black Militancy
Black militancy emerges from teachings of Malcolm X
SNCC, led by Stokely Carmichael, becomes radical proponents of Black Power

6. Civil Rights: Nonviolent to Black Power
B. New Black Militancy
“Long, Hot Summers”
Harlem (143 injured)
Cleveland (4 dead)
Rochester
Jersey City
Philadelphia
Watts (34 dead)
Detroit (43 dead, 2000 injured)
1967
150+ cities
Newark (26 dead, 1500 injured)
1968
125+ cities
Washington DC (9 dead, 1000 injured)

7. Civil Rights: Nonviolent to Chicano Power
C. La Causa
Hispanics joined for 2 general reasons: improved working conditions and racial pride
Chavez organized farm workers against California growers
United Farm Workers (UFW)
Brown Berets

8. East LA Walkouts (March 1, 1968)

10. “!SÍ, se puede!”
Founded United Farm Workers (UFW) with Dolores Huerta
Followed Zapata, Nehru, Gandhi, King
1965 Delano Grape Strike
1966 Austin March
s Organized workers in Ohio, Wisconsin, and Texas
1980s Targeted pesticides

12. Nonviolent Civil Disobedience
Family lost farm during Great Depression
Served 2 years in Navy during WWII
Opposed Bracero program
In 1968: 25-day fast
In 1988: 36-day fast
8 states currently celebrate Cesar Chavez Day

14. Civil Rights: Red Power
D. Native American Protests
Alcatraz
Wounded Knee
“Fish-ins” in Puget Sound
American Indian Movement (AIM) established armed patrols and demanded self-government

15. Minneapolis patrols, 1968
Occupation of Alcatraz, (19 months)
Plymouth Rock protest, 1970
Mount Rushmore visit, 1970
Takeover at Wounded Knee, 1973 (exposed corruption of BIA)
The Longest Walk, (3,200 mile march)
Mascot protests of 1990s, 2000s

18. The Indian Renaissance
Custer Died for Your Sins: An Indian Manifesto
Vine Deloria, Jr. ( )
Red Power + Indian Renaissance + counterculture = new view of Native American culture

19. Civil Rights: Feminism
E. NOW & New Feminism
“Glass Ceiling” –51% of population vs. 7% doctors & 4% lawyers
Left other movements and gained confidence in demanding gender equality
Gloria Steinam and Betty Friedan organized NOW to fight for the ERA and other women's Rights issues.

20. “The problem that has no name.” The Feminine Mystique
"The problem lay buried, unspoken, for many years in the minds of American women. It was a strange stirring, a sense of dissatisfaction, a yearning [that is, a longing] that women suffered in the middle of the 20th century in the United States. Each suburban wife struggled with it alone. As she made the beds, shopped for groceries … she was afraid to ask even of herself the silent question — 'Is this all?"

22. Birth control became the new centerpiece of the new women's movement known as "feminism."
Roe v. Wade (1973)

23. Phyllis Schlafly led the anti-ERA movement as many women opposed new feminism's support of abortion and birth control outside of wedlock

24. Equal Rights Amendment
First proposed in 1923
Passed by Congress in 1973
Ratified by 35 of 38 needed states
Ratified
Ratified, then rescinded
Not ratified, but 1 state house approved
Not ratified
They are still trying to get the other 3!!

25. F. Environmentalism Silent Spring by Rachel Carson
Endangered Species Act, 1973
Greenpeace
Creation of the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) in 1970
Earth Day (April 22, 1970)

26. Viewers did not anticipate the horrific scene and turned many against continuing the police action.
This televised protest by a Buddhist monk against U.S. aggression was televised and gave insight into the depths of anti-American sentiment in Vietnam.

27. II. Lost Crusade in Vietnam
Gulf of Tonkin Resolution
Johnson used information to get Congress to nearly unanimously escalate ‘conflict’ (information misleading/faulty)
: 3 times tonnage of bombs dropped on Vietnam as all of U.S. drops in WWII
500,000+ troops committed from April 1968 to summer 1969

28. II. Lost Crusade in Vietnam
B. Opposition to War
Although polls actually showed most college students favored LBJ’s policy, protests sprung up across college campuses (heavy opposition to ROTC recruitment & eventually the draft)
My Lai Massacre
Great Society is killed by Vietnam
By 1968, most common poll answer to war is: “I want to get out, but I don’t want to give up.”

29. II. Lost Crusade in Vietnam
C. Media Coverage (first televised war)
Tet Offensive (Jan. 1968)
“Hey, hey, LBJ, how
many kids did you
kill today?”

30. II. Lost Crusade in Vietnam
Role of Music in Protest
Rock & Folk singers focused much of their music on Vietnam protest songs
Bob Dylan, the Beatles, Janice Joplin, Credence Clearwater Revival, the Grateful Dead, the Doors are some of the singer/songwriters that galvanized the youth movement against the war

31. Fortune Son (CCR)
Some folks are born made to wave the flag, ooh, they're red, white and blue. And when the band plays "Hail To The Chief", oh, they point the cannon at you, Lord, It ain't me, it ain't me, I ain't no senator's son, It ain't me, it ain't me, I ain't no fortunate one, no, Some folks are born silver spoon in hand, Lord, why don't they help themselves? oh. But when the taxman come to the door, Lord, the house look a like a rummage sale, yes,
It ain't me, it ain't me, I ain't no millionaire's son, no, no. It ain't me, it ain't me, I ain't no fortunate one, no. (third verse)
Yeh, some folks inherit star spangled eyes, ooh, they send you down to war, Lord, And when you ask them, how much should we give, oh, they only answer, more, more, more, yoh, It ain't me, it ain't me, I ain't no military son, SON, NO It ain't me, it ain't me, I ain't no fortunate one, NO NO It ain't me, it ain't me, I ain't no fortunate one, no no no, It ain't me, it ain't me, I ain't no fortunate son, son son son

32. RUN THROUGH THE JUNGLE (CCR)
Whoa, thought it was a nightmare, Lo, it's all so true, They told me, "Don't go walkin' slow The Devil's on the loose." CHORUS: Better run through the jungle, Better run through the jungle, Better run through the jungle, Woa, Don't look back to see.
Thought I heard a rumblin' Callin' to my name, Two hundred million guns are loaded Satan cries, "Take aim!" CHORUS Over on the mountain Thunder magic spoke, "Let the people know my wisdom, Fill the land with smoke." CHORUS

33. II. Lost Crusade in Vietnam
D. Rise & Fall of Youth Movement
1950: 1 million students in higher education vs. 1970: 8 million
1970: 50% of U.S. population under 30 yrs. of age
The New Left (Students for a Democratic Society)
Port Huron Statement: anti-materialism, militarism, careerism, & racism
Sit-ins (“Make Love Not War” & “Hell, no, we won’t go!”) led campaign on college campuses against ROTC & school administrations

34. SDS //students for a democratic society// (Tom Hayden)
II. Lost Crusade in Vietnam
SDS //students for a democratic society// (Tom Hayden)
Staged hundreds of campus protests in 1968
Organized with other militant groups to protest at 1968 Democratic National Convention in Chicago

35. The Weather Underground
Their founding document called for a "white fighting force" to be allied with the "Black Liberation Movement" and other radical movements to achieve "the destruction of U.S. imperialism and achieve a classless world: world communism".
Declared war on U.S. gov't
Detonated bombs at NYPD headquarters, US Capitol and Pentagon
Literally self imploded
Weather Underground was never prosecuted because crimes were never fully discovered until after statute of limitations expired

36. The Chicago Eight (Seven)
The trial ran in 1970—and became a spectacle of left-wing protest. Jerry Rubin and Abbie Hoffman led with irreverent behavior throughout the trial and ultimately saw the conviction overturned in appeal. Most served 2 years in prison.
Abbie Hoffman Jerry Rubin
David Dellinger
Tom Hayden
Rennie Davis
John Froines
Lee Weiner
Bobby Seale

37. 1968: Turning Point in History
Tet Offensive begins (535,000 American servicemen in Vietnam)
Assassinations of Martin Luther King, Jr. & Robert Kennedy
Riot at Democratic National Convention
=led Middle America to seek the “Law and Order” promised by Nixon

38. II. Lost Crusade in Vietnam
D. Rise & Fall of Youth Movement
Kent State Shootings (May 1970)
Jackson State Shootings
Ten days after Kent State Protests and Shootings

39. II. Lost Crusade in Vietnam E. “Law & Order” Response
75% of college students viewed themselves as ‘radical’ or ‘far left’ by 1970
Peaceful vs. militant protests split movement
Hoover expanded FBI to hunt subversives
Waning of Vietnam weakened movement
Nixon elected as many Americans viewed student radicals as a problem in society
=college campuses remain liberal center (curfews, dress codes, elective ROTC are remnants)

40. II. Lost Crusade in Vietnam F. Johnson’s Presidency. 1. Great Society
II. Lost Crusade in Vietnam F. Johnson’s Presidency 1. Great Society “War on Poverty” v. war in Vietnam
2. Civil Rights Agenda --continuing JFK, but with
success
Who is remembered as the Civil Rights president??

41. II. Lost Crusade in Vietnam
G. Counterculture
1967 Summer of Love
Social experiment of love & equality
100,000+ flood to Haight-Ashbury
question authority

43. Dr. Timothy Leary was the “godfather” of LSD

45. The Times They are A-Changin’
Come gather 'round people Wherever you roam And admit that the waters Around you have grown And accept it that soon You'll be drenched to the bone If your time to you Is worth savin' Then you better start swimmin' Or you'll sink like a stone For the times they are a-changin'. Come writers and critics Who prophesize with your pen And keep your eyes wide The chance won't come again And don't speak too soon For the wheel's still in spin And there's no tellin' who That it's namin' For the loser now Will be later to win For the times they are a-changin'. Come senators, congressmen Please heed the call Don't stand in the doorway Don't block up the hall For he that gets hurt Will be he who has stalled There's a battle outside And it is ragin' It'll soon shake your windows And rattle your walls For the times they are a-changin'. Come mothers and fathers Throughout the land And don't criticize What you can't understand Your sons and your daughters Are beyond your command Your old road is Rapidly agin' Please get out of the new one If you can't lend your hand For the times they are a-changin'. The line it is drawn The curse it is cast The slow one now Will later be fast As the present now Will later be past The order is Rapidly fadin' And the first one now Will later be last For the times they are a-changin'.
The Times They are A-Changin’
by Bob Dylan
Come gather 'round people Wherever you roam And admit that the waters Around you have grown And accept it that soon You'll be drenched to the bone If your time to you Is worth savin' Then you better start swimmin' Or you'll sink like a stone For the times they are a-changin'. Come writers and critics Who prophesize with your pen And keep your eyes wide The chance won't come again And don't speak too soon For the wheel's still in spin And there's no tellin' who That it's namin' For the loser now Will be later to win For the times they are a-changin'.
Come mothers and fathers Throughout the land And don't criticize What you can't understand Your sons and your daughters Are beyond your command Your old road is Rapidly agin' Please get out of the new one If you can't lend your hand For the times they are a-changin'.
Come senators, congressmen Please heed the call Don't stand in the doorway Don't block up the hall For he that gets hurt Will be he who has stalled There's a battle outside And it is ragin' It'll soon shake your windows And rattle your walls For the times they are a-changin'.
The line it is drawn The curse it is cast The slow one now Will later be fast As the present now Will later be past The order is Rapidly fadin' And the first one now Will later be last For the times they are a-changin'.

46. “Turn on, Tune in, Drop out!!”
Like every great religion of the past we seek to find the divinity within and to express this revelation in a life of glorification and the worship of God. These ancient goals we define in the metaphor of the present — turn on, tune in, drop out—Timothy Leary, 1966

47. Ken Kesey and the Merry Pranksters were leaders of the Acid Trip movement.

48. II. Lost Crusade in Vietnam
G. Counterculture
“Sex, Drugs, & Rock-n-Roll
Woodstock was climax of Hippie Generation
Haight-Ashbury district of S.F.
NYC’s East Village

49. The Manson Family was created during the 1967 Summer of Love
II. Lost Crusade in Vietnam
H. Counterculture Fades
Manson Murders
Guru of Haight-Ashbury
“Helter Skelter” and impending race war
John Lennon: “The dream is over. What can I say?”
The Manson Family was created during the 1967 Summer of Love

50. Jonestown, 1978 (it was actually grape Flavor Aid)
Jim Jones was a religious leader during the counterculture movement
“rainbow family” and racial integration
challenged traditional Christianity and Bible
Rep. Leo Ryan murdered
909 (303 children) “Drank the Kool-aid”
(it was actually grape Flavor Aid)
During the mid-1970s several of his friends sought to intervene on his behalf and help him return to the United States. Huey Newton and Harvey Milk openly embraced Jones as a friend and vouched for his character and intent.

51. Generational War?
versus

52. 1968
1965

54. Lasting impact of Counterculture is seen in dress
jeans
long hair
sexual revolution
abortion
birth control
pornography
open homosexuality
promiscuity

55. Stonewall Riots 1950s-1960s America's view of homosexuality
The Village and beginning of "Gay Pride" and "coming out"
Gay Pride and LGBT events coincide with foundation of movement in late June

56. REVOLUTION The Beatles, 1968 You say you’ll change the Constitution
You say you want a revolution
Well, you know
We all want to change the world
You tell me that it’s evolution
But when you talk about destruction
Don’t you know that you can count me out
Don’t you know it’s gonna be all right
All right, all right
You say you got a real solution
We’d all love to see the plan
You ask me for a contribution
We’re doing what we can
But when you want money
For people with minds that hate
All I can tell is brother you’ll have to wait
You say you’ll change the Constitution
Well, you know
We all want to change your head
You tell me it’s the institution
You better free your mind instead
But if you go carrying pictures of chairman Mao
You ain’t going to make it with anyone anyhow
Don’t you know it’s gonna be all right
All right, all right…
REVOLUTION
The Beatles, 1968