1. Rocks & Minerals I-Surface Materials A-Bedrock & Soil:
1-Crust outer layer of earth consist of bedrock, rock fragments, and soil.

2. b-Soil- mixture of small rocks, organic matter, air and water.
a-Bedrock- solid rock. When exposed to the surface it’s called an outcrop. (range from boulders to grains of sand)
b-Soil- mixture of small rocks, organic matter, air and water.
outcrop
Rock Fragments
Soil
Rock fragments
Bedrock
Bedrock

3. B-Minerals
1-Rocks are composed of minerals, which are naturally occurring solid substances made of inorganic (nonliving) material. Minerals have certain physical and chemical properties by which they can be identified.

4. 1. Physical properties of minerals include streak color, hardness,
luster, cleavage, and color.
Luster refers to how a mineral looks
when it reflects light. {metallic, glassy, greasy,
or earthy.}
Streak color is the color of the
powdered form of the mineral.

5. Hardness resistance of a mineral to being scratched
Hardness resistance of a mineral to being scratched. Between I and 10, with I being softest and 10 the hardest.

6. copper penny will scratch
Mohls Hardness Scale
Hardness
Mineral
Test 1
Talc
Finger Nail 2
Gypsum
Will Scratch 3
Calcite
copper penny will scratch 4
Fluorite
Glass will 5
Apatite
Scratch 6
K-felspar
Steel 7
Quartz
knife 8
Topaz
Will 9
Corundum 10
Diamond
Will Scratch all

7. Cleavage is a mineral's tendency to break along smooth, flat surfaces
Cleavage is a mineral's tendency to break along smooth, flat surfaces. {Often causes a mineral to break into characteristic shapes}.
Color is not always a reliable guide to a
mineral's identity.

8. 2. Minerals have chemical properties, how they react
with an acid. {For example, calcite,
the chief mineral in limestone
and marble, fizzes when
hydrochloric acid is placed on it.}

9. C-Rocks natural, stony materials
composed of one or more
minerals. Like minerals, rocks
are identified by their physical
and chemical properties.

10. Three groups of rocks:
1- Igneous rocks are produced by the cooling and hardening liquid rock.
a-Melted rock
~ Magma underground ~ Lava on surface

11. b-Types of Igneous rocks
Igneous rocks that form from rapid
cooling of lava, called volcanic rocks,
contain tiny crystals.
-Basalt dark-colored volcanic rock composed of small crystals. The closer the magma is to the surface, the smaller the grain (crystal) size. Obsidian, a glassy, no individual grains.

12. ~Igneous rocks that cools slow form large crystals.
~Granite is a light-colored igneous rock that contains large, easily visible mineral grains.

14. 2- Sedimentary rocks form from particles called sediments that pile up in layers. These sediments may be small rock fragments or seashells. Sedimentary rocks usually form underwater.
Stream carrying sediment
Ocean
Sedimentary rock

15. Common Sedimentary Rocks
Rock Name
Type of Sediment
Place of Formation
Sandstone
Sand grains
Shallow waters near a shore pounded by waves
Shale
Clay particles
Deep, calm ocean waters; lake bottoms
Limestone
Tiny seashells
Warm, shallow seas

16. 3- Metamorphic rocks are produced when either igneous or sedimentary rocks undergo a change in form caused by heat, pressure, or both.

19. The rock cycle: is an illustration that explains how the three rock types are related to each other, and how processes change from one type to another over time.

20. Rock Rock Sediments Rock
Igneous
Rock
Solidification
Erosion
Deposition
Melting
Metamorphic
Rock
Sediments
Metamorphism
Burial and
Cementing
Heat and/or Pressure
Sedimentary
Rock

22. II Earth History
A- Interpreting Rocks= rocks contain information about that area's past.
1-Sedimentary rocks indicates the area was once covered by water.
2-Fossils in sedimentary rocks tell of past life and the environmental conditions

23. 3- Horizontally layered sedimentary rocks are easy to interpret. The
bottom layers are the oldest,
youngest layers are at the top
YOUNGEST
OLDEST

24. FAULT
PRESENT DAY
INASION OF IGNEOUS ROCK
FOLDED ROCK
INVASION OF IGNEOUS ROCK

25. B-Fossils remains or traces of organisms that lived long ago.
1-Fossils form when a dead plant,
animal, or footprint in mud, is
covered by sediment that later
hardens into rock.
a-Almost all fossils are found in sedimentary rock

26. Brachiopod
Trilobite
Footprint
Cephalopod

27. a. Rocks contain small amounts of
C-Dating Rocks To determine the age of rocks, scientists use a technique called
1~Radioactive dating.
a. Rocks contain small amounts of
radioactive substances that change (decay) into non-radioactive substances at a definite rate.
b. Using this technique, scientists have been able to assign dates to the Earth.
c. Earth itself is about 4.5 billion years
old.

28. 2-Relative Dating: Section of sedimentary rock oldest sediment is
on the bottom and the youngest is on
the top.
a. It only tells us that one fossil is
older than another.
Trilobite is an index fossil tells about the age of the rock layer .