1. Rocks A. Rocks are made up of crystals from different minerals B
Rocks A. Rocks are made up of crystals from different minerals B. Rocks can also be made from ancient shells and plants C. 3 types of rocks: Igneous, Sedimentary, and Metamorphic
Rock Cycle: changes that rocks undergo, each type can become the other two types.
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2. What are Igneous Rocks: Chapter 5.1

3. Igneous Rock: comes from the Latin word for fire. Forms hot, from magma.
Original rock of the Earth – since the Earth formed hot.
Extrusive –fine grained, cool quickly, found on the Earth’s surface
Intrusive - coarse grained, cool slowly below Earth’s surface
Coarse grains
Granite – Intrusive rock
Obsidian – Extrusive rock

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5. B. Mineral Composition Felsic Rocks Light color High silica content
Ex: quartz, feldspar
Mafic Rocks
a. Dark color
b. Low in Silica, high in iron and
magnesium.
c. Ex: diorite, basalt
3. Ultramafic Rocks
a. Dark color.
b. Low in silica, VERY high in
iron and magnesium.
c. Ex: peridotite, dunite
Pumice – extrusive FELSIC rock
Basalt – extrusive MAFIC rock

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7. Formation of Sedimentary Rocks Chapter 6.1

8. A. Formed from sediments (pieces of solid material deposited on earth’s surface.
1. Weathering, Erosion, Deposition, and Lithification produce sediments
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9. a.. Weathering – physical and chemical processes that break rock into smaller pieces.
1. Chemical – minerals are dissolved or
chemically changed
a. Less stable minerals are broken down.
b. Resistant grains are broken off.
2. Physical –chemically
unchanged, fragments
are breaking off = Clastic sediments
a. Broken
b. Pieces usually have worn surfaces and rounded corners.

10. b. Erosion
Removal and movement of surface materials from one location to another.
Four main agent
a. Wind
b. Moving water
c. Gravity
d. Glaciers
Sediments are almost always carried DOWNHILL.
c. Deposition
1. Sediments laid down, or sink to bottom of bodies of water.Happens when
transport STOPS.
1. Wind stops blowing
2. River enters ocean
2. Sorted –form layers with
largest grains on the
bottom
3. Unsorted –Mixed layers
of grains
a. Glaciers
b. landslides

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12. Lithification – Bottom layers have upward pressure and temperature, form rocks that are cemented together

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14. B. Importance of Sedimentary Rock
a. Reconstruction of Earth’s surface at various times in Geologic History.
i Fossils
ii. Location and direction of ancient rivers.
iii. Wave and wind direction
iv. Sediments indicate type of bedrock they came from.
b. Energy Resources –
deposits of coal, natural
gas, and oil.
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15. Metamorphic Rock Chapter 6.3

16. Causes of Metamorphism Means “change in form”
Forms from pressure and high temperatures
1. Rocks do not reach melting point.
2. Rocks change, but
remain solid.
3. Heat comes from the earth’s internal heat or nearby intrusions of igneous rock.
4. Pressure comes from vertical pressure of rock above, or compression during mountain building

17. 1. Types of Metamorphism
a. Regional – high temperature and pressure affect LARGE regions of the earth’s crust.
i. Low grade, intermediate
grade or high grade.
ii. Knowing temperatures
regions experienced help
geologists find valuable
minerals.
b. Contact- Molten rock
comes in contact with solid rock
c.Hydrothermal – occurs when very hot water reacts with rock and alters the rock chemistry
a. Near active volcanoes
b. Igneous intrusions.