1. ORGANIZATION OF THE HUMAN BODY
Francis G. Moria, MD, DPSP

2. Levels of the Hierarchy
Tissues: groups of similar cells that have a common function
Organ: a structure composed of two or more tissue types that perform a specific function for the body
Organ System: a group of organs that cooperate and work closely together to accomplish a common purpose
Organism: the highest level of structural organization

4. The Language of Anatomy

5. Anatomical Position
The body is erect with the feet parallel and the arms hanging at the sides with the palms facing forward

6. Directional Terms Superior (cranial or cephalad)
Toward the head end or upper part of a structure of the body
Inferior (caudal)
Away from the head end or toward the lower part of a structure or the body
Anterior (ventral)
Toward or at the front of the body
Posterior (dorsal)
Toward or at the backside of the body

7. Directional Terms Medial Toward or at the midline of the body Lateral
Away from the midline of the body
Proximal
Close to the origin of the body part or the point of attachment of a limb to the body trunk
Distal
Farther away from the origin of a body part or the point of attachment of a limb to the body trunk
Superficial
Toward or at the body surface
Deep
Away from the body surface; more internal

9. Regional Terms Axial makes up the main axis of the body.
consists of the head, neck, and trunk
Appendicular
consists of the appendages or limbs

12. Body Planes & Sections Sagittal section
A cut made along the lengthwise or longitudinal plane of the body
Divides the body into right and left parts
Midsagittal/Median section
The cut is made down the median plane of the body and the right and left parts are equal in size

13. Body Planes & Sections Frontal section
A cut made along a lengthwise plane that divides the body (or an organ) into anterior and posterior parts
Also called a coronal section
Transverse section
A cut is made along a horizontal plane, dividing the body or organ into superior and inferior parts
Also called a cross-section

19. Body Cavities DORSAL BODY CAVITY
Has two subdivisions which are continuous with each other
Cranial cavity: the space inside the skull
Spinal cavity: extends from the cranial cavity nearly to the end of the vertebral column

21. Body Cavities VENTRAL BODY CAVITIES Much larger than the dorsal cavity
Contains all the structures in the chest and abdomen
Two major subdivisions:
Thoracic cavity: houses the lungs, heart and mediastinal structures
Abdominopelvic cavity: stomach, liver, intestines, spleen, reproductive organs, urinary bladder, etc

23. Abdominopelvic Quadrants and Regions