1. MCOM 101 A
Summer 2016
Day 01

2. Purposes and Needs of Communication
Survival
Cooperation and Co-Exist
Personal Needs
Relationships
Persuasion
Power
Social Needs
Making Sense of the world

3. Types of Communication
Intra-Communication: Communication occurs in mind, like thoughts, involves only one subject
Inter-personal communication: One-to-one Communication, involves two subjects
Group Communication: Involves group of individuals for example meeting, seminar, conference
Mass Communication: Communication of message to mass audience through media (TV, Newspaper, Radio..)

4. Schools of Communication
1. Semiotic School:
Study of signs
How signs generate meaning and their significance in different cultures
The semiotic tradition explores the study of signs and symbols as a significant part of communications.
2. Process School
Focuses on the process of communication
How message travels reaches audience through a certain channel
S-M-C-R (Sender-Message-Channel-Receiver)

5. Power of Symbolic Communication

11. Barriers of Communication
Physical Barriers of Communication:
Technology/Device related barriers
Noise
Distortion
Weak Signals/Reception
Non-Physical Barriers of Communication:
Difference of Language
Difference in Lexical Preferences
Difference in Communication Context
Difference in Feelings and Emotions
Interpretation of Body Language
Negative Biases, Prejudices and Stereotypes about other Cultures
Xenophobia: Dislike of or prejudice against people from other countries

12. Emergence of Mass Communication
14th Century- Printing Press: China established first ever printing machine
16th Century- Production, Printing and Circulation of magazines, periodicals and publications
17th Century-Germany published first ever newspaper “Starsbourgh Relation”
19th Century-Advent of motion picture and Cinema
20th Century-Invention of Radio
1910- First ever public broadcast
1934-Invention of FM technology

13. Evolution of Television
Late 19th and 20th Century
Mechanical Television: Mechanical Scanning of Images
Electronic Television: Using Video signals to form a picture
Invention of Color/Monochrome TV
Digital Television: Digitally processes and Multiplexed Images
Smart Television: TV with set-top box integrated with Web features

14. Emergence of Internet Emergence of Internet Age of Convergence
Breakthrough in content distributions
Impact on audience
Key Features
Online Newspapers & Interactive News Blogs
Social Media
Web TV & Online Streaming
Audio-Visual gateway: Vimeo, YouTube, Daily Motion, Sound Cloud
Netflix Model: Movie Distribution and Production

15. Newspaper Terminology
Major Section of Newspaper
Advertising Section: Contains Classified ads/ Other paid announcements
Editorial Section/Op-Ed: Contains Editorial, Letters to the Editor, Editorial Cartoon, Columns and articles
News Section: News information about latest developments, national and international news..
Beat: A group of news sources assigned to a reporter for regular coverage for example Health, Court, Crime, Politics, Culture..
Byline: Name of the writer mentioned in a news story
Blurb Short description of an article or subject.

16. Example Byline

17. Caption: Description of the image/text accompanied the picture in a newspaper

18. Center Spread The two facing pages at the exact center of a magazine.
Circulation: Number of publication of newspaper or magazine
News Correspondent: Representative of a newspaper at zone or district level
Editor: Editor is the head of newspaper’s editorial section
Editorial: Appears on editorial page, opinion of the editor about different issues
Editorial Note & Sub Editorial: Appears under lead editorial, opinion of the editor regarding other important issue.
Masthead: Title of the Newspaper appears at the top of the page

19. Example Masthead

20. Jump line: If a new story is to be continued on another page, Jump line gives the information about the location of the news story on the other page for example, continued on page 11

21. Lead Story: Main news story on the front page, It can consist of six to eight columns
Layout: An outline of the arrangement of news information and pictures on the pages of newspapers.
Resident Editor: The person in-charge of regional publication of a newspaper or a magazine.
Source: Source of obtaining news information for example correspondent, representative, staff reporter or a news agency.
Sub-Editor: Responsible for editing the news items, checks for language, length and overall structure.
Syndicate: The agency, which provides news, features, articles.
News Agency: Agency that provides news information

22. News Sources Newspaper Internal Sources: News Correspondents
News Reporters
News Representatives
News Bureaus
Beat: Group of sources concerning certain category for example Health, Crime, Education, Human Rights etc

23. Newspaper External Sources:
National News Agencies
APP: Associated Press of Pakistan
PPI: Pakistan Press International
International News Agencies
AFP: Agence France-Presse
Reuters: British News Agency
UPI: United Press International, USA
AP: Associated Press, USA
PTI: Press Trust India
AAP: Australian Associated Press

24. News Production Process
Step 1: News gathering from different sources
Step 2: Filing News Stories/News Writing
Step 3: Sub Editing: Checking structure and language of news story by
Step 4: Policy Check and approval for copy
Step 5: Layout and Designing
News Circulation/Distribution: Printed copies are distributed to the designated distributors for further circulation to the audience
News Reception: Readership of Newspapers

25. Organizational Structure of a Newspaper
Editorial Section
News & Reporting Section
Chief Reporter
News Reporters
Chief News Editor
Senior Sub Editors and Sub Editors
News Desks: Deals with different sections of Newspaper for example Foreign Desk, Local Desk, Sports Desk, Commerce Desk, Main Desk, Sports Desk
Op-Ed Section
Deals with editorial page content including editorial, columns, articles, letters to the editors

26. Administration Section: Deals with the overall management of the newspaper, all matters concerning administration of newspaper. Usually managed by General Manager and Managing Editor.
Marketing Section: Deals with marketing and advertising affairs of newspaper.
Printing Section: Deals with designing, layout and printing of the newspapers.
Circulation Section: Deals with the circulation and distribution of the newspaper.

27. Closeness to home (Proximity)
News Values
Consequence Driven
Bad news - involving death, tragedy, bankruptcy, violence, damage, natural disasters, political upheaval or simply extreme weather conditions - is always rated above 'positive' stories (royal weddings, celebrations etc)
Closeness to home (Proximity)
Audiences supposedly relate more to stories that are close to them geographically, or involve people from their country
Rec
ency
Newspapers are very competitive about breaking news - about revealing stories as they happen.
Currency
This is almost opposite to recency, in that stories that have been in the public eye for some time already are deemed valuable.

28. Uniqueness
'Dog Bites Man' is not a story. 'Man Bites Dog' is. Any story which covers a unique or unusual event.
Personality
Stories that center around a particular person, because they can be presented from a 'human interest' angle, are beloved of newspapers, particularly if they involve a well-known person.

29. News Values-Examples
Determine the value of news story “Schoolboy dies after trying to take 'extreme selfie' on ninth-floor rooftop” (Daily Mirror)
a) Proximity b) Personality c) Uniqueness d) Timeliness
e) Exclusivity

30. News Values-Quiz 2
Determine the value of news story “Brave Icon Malala Yousafzai Shows She's Still Just a Teenage Girl with Sibling Rivalries and Too Much Homework” (People’s Magazine).
a) Proximity b) Consequence c) Personality d) Timeliness

31. News Values-
Determine the value of news story “Syrian refugees eager to build new lives in metro Detroit”
a) Proximity b) Currency c) Uniqueness d) Timeliness

32. News Values
Powerful earthquake leaves at least 8 dead, 100 injured in India
a) Proximity b) Currency c) Consequence d) Timeliness

33. News Values Day-care center opened at FC College
a) Proximity b) Currency c) Consequence d) Timeliness

34. News Values-
Pakistan Tehreek-e-Insaf (PTI) Central Joint Secretary Alamgir Khan who launched a campaign against the ‘Sleeping Beauties‘ in Karachi; his idea of solving the problems of the people through art worked to a great extent.
a) Proximity b) Currency c) Consequence d) Uniqueness

35. News Values
Low gas pressure is forcing us to buy bread from bakeries' Citizens take to Rawalpindi streets amidst low gas pressure at home

36. News Writing & Editing
MCOM 101 A
Winter 2016

37. Introduction to News Writing
Components of a print story:
1. Headline (s)
2. Byline or Source
3. Location
4. Introduction
5. Body Copy
6. Conclusion
7. Supporting Image (s) and Caption

38. Writing News Introduction
5 Ws & 1 H
What
When
Why
Who
Where
How

39. Body Copy & Conclusion
Body Copy: Additional Details, Statements & Counter Statements, Supporting Facts/Arguments
Conclusion:

40. Language Rules of Headlines
1. Use of Present Tense
Examples:
-Army stresses `zero tolerance` for terrorist groups
-Fears of more strife as Iraq in middle of regional row
-US foresees Assad staying till March `17

41. 2. Leave out auxiliary verbs
Cut down on Helping Verbs
-New policy decided by Parliament (Correct Format)
 (New policy has been decided by Parliament)
-Lion escapes zoo – ten killed (Correct Format)
(ten people have been killed / were killed)
-Four stranded in sudden flood (Correct Format)
(four people have been stranded / were stranded)

42. 3. Use infinitives for future events
-Parliament to decide new policy tomorrow (correct)
(Parliament will decide new policy tomorrow)
-President to visit France for further talks
(President will visit France for further talks)

43. 4. Leave out articles (a, an, the)
Prime Minister hikes Alps for charity (correct)
(The Prime Minister hiked the Alps)
Man releases rabid dog in park (correct)
(A man released a rabid dog in a park)

44. 5.Reported Speech -Minister: Law Maker should review policy (Correct)
(Federal Minister argued that law makers should review the policy)

45. 6. Replace conjunctions with punctuation
-Commas, colons, semi-colons, hyphens and so on can replace all conjunctions, or some joining verbs, to join clauses. 
-Police arrest serial killer – close case on abductions
Police arrested serial killer and close the case on abductions
-Fire in bakery: hundreds dead
Fire in bakery and hundreds are dead

46. 7. Use digits for Figures
Nine Dead
9 Dead (correct)

47. Government did stress the polio free Pakistan
Quiz 1:
Government did stress the polio free Pakistan

48. Private School has been revising the fee polices
Quiz 2
Private School has been revising the fee polices

49. Pakistan students will visit far eastern countries next month
Quiz 3
Pakistan students will visit far eastern countries next month

50. A company has promised to launch initiatives for social justice
Quiz 4
A company has promised to launch initiatives for social justice

51. Quiz 5
Skipper said he will prepare the best for world cup

52. 25 have been killed in attack in Peshawar and 65 are found injured
Quiz 6
25 have been killed in attack in Peshawar and 65 are found injured

53. Editing (Copy Editing/Sub Editing)
- A Sub Editor proofreads and edits the content
-Improves the overall language and structure of news story
-Looks for language, grammar and punctuation errors
-Suggest and finalizes the headlines.