1. 중간고사 10월 20일 화 범위 교과서 챕터와 논문 등 KLAS의 모든 READINGS
Lecture PPT (10월15일까지)
Format
Multiple-choice + Short ID + Short Analysis
Short ID 와 Short Analysis 답안은 분량이 제시됨

2. 10월 15일 목요일 특강 “언론이 바라 본 한미관계와 동북아정세” 중앙일보 외교부 출입 최익재 기자님
 중간고사 시험 범위 포함

3. American Politics This Week
The First Democratic Presidential Debate in Las Vegas tonight
Clinton about Clinton: TPP and others
Sanders’ Big Moment (the biggest TV audience of his life)
Republican Drama in the House of Representatives
Kevin McCarthy gone
Then, who? ________________?

4. How unique is the American presidency?
I. the American presidency in comparative perspective
parliamentary system vs. presidential system
head of state (국가원수)
vs. head of government (행정부 수반)
(5분, 28분 etc)
Election process, governing dynamics, and power relations
pure “American-style” presidential system anywhere outside US?

5. Executive Attributes Head of State vs. Head of Executive
Chief executive
Commander in chief
Not from legislature
United States
Yes
France
Yes (?)
Germany No
Italy
Japan
Great Britain
Canada
Australia
New Zealand

6. How unique is the American presidency?
II. “Evolution” of presidential power
“Evolution” is the key word describing the American prez
From “no president” in the country’s first constitution
( ) to the “imperial presidency” in the 1970s
Constant struggles over constitutional interpretation of
presidential power
Ex) “stewardship” theory” by TR (Theodore Roosevelt)
vs. “literalist” theory by William Howard Taft
Shaped by wars and economic crises over time
“American politics meets international relations.”

7. Presidential Power: Two Perspectives
Theordore Roosevelt’s “Stewardship theory” (1913)
The president represents all people and should be a steward
of the people
The president should be active in foreign and domestic
policy
Prerogative powers or autonomy and independence from
other agencies for foreign-policy making
“My belief was that it was not only the president’s right but his
duty to do anything that he needs of the Nation required unless
such action was forbidden by the Constitution or by the laws.”
(TR 1913)

8. Presidential Power: Two Perspectives
William Howard Taft’s “Literalist theory” (1916)
TR’s hand-picked successor, William Howard Taft, suggested
the opposing view
The president could not do anything that the Constitution or
laws did not expressly permit. Also, president should not
speak out publicly in defense of his policy
“The president can exercise no power which cannot be fairly and
reasonably traced to some specific grant of power.
There is no undefined residuum of power which he can exercise
because it seems to him to be in the public interest.” (Taft, 196)

9. How unique is the American presidency?
III. Unique state of “studying” the presidency
Traditional, insider, and qualitative:
 maybe, too close to power?
Quantitative approach
 small n problem? (N = 1)
Presidential Studies Quarterly
 one of the most prominent and only scholarly journals
that exclusively focus on the president of the United
States (available from the KHU Library)

10. Presidential Power Presidential Power and Leadership
Presidential power and democratic leadership
Richard Neustadt (1960): presidential power as
“power-to-persuade”
The building blocks of presidential leadership:
bully-pulpit power, institutional presidency, and
agenda-setting power
President and the media

11. Presidential Power: The First Debate
The Neutrality Proclamation in 1793 by George Washington
The Federalist Papers partnership of Madison and Hamilton broke up in the 1790s
Washington’s second term: U.S. pressed to take sides in the breaking war between England and France
Washington chose to issue a Neutrality Proclamation
“Could he do so? Could the president choose such a course
without congressional input?”
Hamilton: this was a decidedly executive sphere and its duty to preserve Peace until war is declared
Madison: proclamation was a change in policy equivalent to a new statute or peace treaty

12. Presidential Power Debate
This debate has echoed throughout American history!
Are there “inherent” presidential powers (“prerogatives”)?
Reduced to its essence, the question is simple
Is a president limited to the specific powers
affirmatively listed in the Constitution? (Constitutionalist) OR
Can he take whatever actions he deems in the public
interest so long as those actions are not actually
prohibited by the Constitution? (Presidentialist)

13. I. Presidential power is “power to persuade.”
Richard Neustadt’s “power-to-persuade” (1960)
Classical understanding of presidential power and praised
by John F. Kennedy
the core of presidential power: “persuasion”
Successful uses of presidential power don’t come from the
Constitution, but from the ability of the president to
persuade. He must master the art of persuasion.
have to make others think it is in their interest to do what
the president wants, not because it is in the president’s
interest.

14. Neustadt’s Propositions
To be a leader, a president must have a will for power.
The skill of a president is a necessary energizing factor.
Sensitivity and solutions are critical.
Persuade members of Congress to think that his requests are
in their own best interests.
Exploit events and crises to gain attention
Don’t delegate the job of being chief politician to others.
Popularity and public prestige produce favorable credit for a president.
Even the most skillful of presidents should be flexible.

15. “Power-to-persuade” approach
“power-to-persuade” are composed of …
I. professional reputation
the president’s standing “Inside the Beltway.”
Influence will depend on the appraisals of those who would be influenced
II. public prestige
the president’s standing in the public
(ex) “approval numbers”

16. Presidential Approval Ratings, 1946-2004 (Causes and Implications)
Bush 41
LBJ
Reagan
Truman
Ford
Ike
Bush 43
JFK
Nixon
Carter
Clinton

17. Presidential Approval Ratings in Korea

18. Presidential Approval Ratings
Why Disapproval Ratings Rise Over Time?
Presidents can’t please everybody. (Polk)
People only see their good points at first. (Carter)
Presidents are scapegoats for our problems. (Van Buren)
The job is too much for one individual. (Hoover)
They make too many promises they can’t keep. (LBJ)
Presidents often have to make unpopular decisions. (Truman)
Presidents are not as powerful as people often think. (Wilson)
People don’t always look at the overall record of a president. (Bush 41)

19. Presidential Power Presidential power as “power-to-persuade”
Is this it?
Is there any other explanation about presidential power?

20. II. “Unilateral” Presidential Power
“Power Without Persuasion” (William Howell)
Presidential power as “power-to-persuade” (Neustadt)
vs. “power without persuasion” (Howell)
“Presidential success in Congress” or
“Presidential success versus or independent of Congress”
Using his unique position within a system of separated powers, presidents increasingly take independent action without check or consent by Congress
An essential characteristic of “modern” presidency
Presidents simply set public policy and dare others to counter

21. Howell (2003, p.6): “Executive Orders”

22. “Unilateral” Presidential Power
Two features of unilateral power (Howell 2003)
1. “First-move” advantage
The president moves policy first and thereby places upon Congress and the courts the burden of revising a new political landscape
Rather than waiting at the end of an extended legislative process to sign or veto a bill, the president simply sets new policy and leaves it up to Congress and the courts to respond
The president creates legally binding public policies and does so even without ever having to wait on coalitions forming, committee chairs cooperating, or party leaders endorsing

23. “Unilateral” Presidential Power
Two features of unilateral power (Howell 2003)
2. “Act alone” advantage
The president acts alone and doesn’t need to rally majorities, compromise with adversaries, or wait for some interest group to bring a case to court
Catching even his closest advisors off guard (ex: Clinton’s unilateral decision to bomb Iraq in the fall of 1998, the day before his scheduled impeachment hearing in the House Judiciary Committee; “wag the dog”)
In this sense, Neustadt is turned upside-down, for unilateral action is the virtual antithesis of bargaining and persuading

24. Krutz and Peake (2006, p.395): Executive Agreements as a percentage of all international agreement by time period

25. Presidential Power Debates
as “Power-to-Persuade”
as “Power-without-Persuasion”