1. Chemical Bonds Review ionic bond
bond that results from one atom losing electron(s) and the other atom gaining the lost electron(s).
The neutral particles formed as a result of transferring electrons are called ionic compounds

2. Example .. K . . Cl : 1 7 potassium chlorine
How many valance electrons does potassium have? 7
How many valance electrons does chlorine have?

3. What happens? Potassium loses 1 electron to become K+
Chlorine gains that electron to become Cl-
Since the two ions are oppositely charged, they attract, forming an ionic bond, to form the compound :
KCl ( potassium chloride)

4. Ionic Compounds Ionic bonds are formed between a metal and a nonmetal
Ionic bonds are very strong, but can break easily if atoms become displaced; materials formed by ionic bonds are usually quite brittle
Examples: glass, rock, bones

5. Metallic Bonds metallic bond
bond that results from electrons being redistributed so they are shared by all the atoms as a whole.
Example:
In sodium metal, each sodium atom gives up one electron to become stable. The excess electrons float around within the metal and “acts like a loose glue”

6. Metals
Metals are formed by any element in which large #’s of atoms share electrons to achieve a more stable electron arrangement.
Most of the elements on the periodic table are metals
Alloys - the combination of two or more elements in the metallic state
Examples: brass (copper and zinc) bronze (copper and tin)
Metals are malleable; metals will dent, not break like ionic substances Metals are good conductors of electricity.

7. Covalent bonds covalent bond
bond that results when groups of 2 or more atoms share electron(s) with each other rather than by losing or gaining electrons.
Covalent bonds are formed between nonmetals
The neutral particles formed as a result of
sharing electron(s) are called molecules

8. . Cl : Example .. .. : Cl . 7 1 chlorine chlorine
How many valance electrons does chlorine have?
How many electrons does chlorine need in its outer energy level to become stable? 1

9. What happens?
: Cl : Cl :
Each atom of chlorine shares its electron with the other, making both energy levels complete.
Since the electrons are shared, a covalent bond is formed, to form the molecule :
Cl2 ( chlorine molecule)

10. Carbon-based molecules.
. C . 4
How many valance electrons does carbon have?
How many electrons does carbon need in its outer energy level to become stable? 4

11. What happens?  Organic Chemistry
The fact that carbon can share four electrons means that carbon can form covalent bonds with up to 4 other atoms.
By forming bonds among several adjacent carbon atoms, molecules can be formed in the shape of long chains, rings, branches, etc.
Examples: nylon, cholesterol , ALL LIVING THINGS
Organic Chemistry
Branch of science dedicated to the study of carbon based molecules 

12. Polar covalent bonds Polar covalent bond
bond that results from atoms sharing
electrons unequally due to one atom attracting
the electrons more than the others.

13. . H Example .. . O . H . 1 6 hydrogen hydrogen oxygen
How many valance electrons does hydrogen have? 6
How many valance electrons does oxygen have?

14. What happens? ..
H : O : H
Each atom of hydrogen shares its electron with the oxygen atom, making all energy levels complete.
Since the oxygen attracts the electrons more than the hydrogen, the sharing is unequal and a polar covalent bond is formed, to form the molecule :
H2O ( water molecule)

15. Electronegativity
The difference in electronegativities will allow you to determine whether the bond is ionic, polar covalent, or covalent.
covalent less than 0.4
polar covalent 0.4 → 1.7
ionic greater than 1.7