1. INSPIRING CREATIVE AND INNOVATIVE MINDS
DDC1012: PROGRAMMING
CHAPTER 4: DATA TYPES, OPERATORS AND LIBRARY FUNCTIONS Prepared By: Pn. Nik Maria Nik Mahamood
Reference:
Hanly, Koffman, C Problem Solving and Program Design in C, Sixth Edition, Pearson International Edition. Refer chapter 2 (Pg. 66 – 119) AND Chapter 3 (pg 137 – 139)
INSPIRING CREATIVE AND INNOVATIVE MINDS

2. DATA TYPES, OPERATORS AND LIBRARY FUNCTIONS
4.1 Representation of Data Types
4.2 Operators
4.3 Arithmetic Operations
4.4 Writing Mathematical Formulas in C
4.5 Library Functions
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3. 4.1 REPRESENTATION OF DATA TYPES
Variables can represents various of data types.
The basic of data types can be divided into two classes:
Character
Data type : char
A character in C can be interpreted as a small integer (between 0 and 255).
Numeric
Data type: int, float and double
Integer (int) type – a number without fraction.
Data type float and double – a number with fraction (floating-point).
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4. 4.1 REPRESENTATION OF DATA TYPES
C contains standard data types:
char
int
double
float
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5. 4.1 REPRESENTATION OF DATA TYPES
Data Type int
The integer data type represents a number without fraction (floating points).
In C, is called int.
Example: –
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6. 4.1 REPRESENTATION OF DATA TYPES
Typical integer sizes:
Type
Byte size
Range value
short int 2
unsigned short int
int
unsigned int
long int 4
unsigned long int
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7. 4.1 REPRESENTATION OF DATA TYPES
Data Type double / float
The double or float data type represents a number with fraction.
Example:
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8. 4.1 REPRESENTATION OF DATA TYPES
Typical floating sizes:
Type
Byte size
Floating- point
Range value
float 4 6
double 8 15
long double 16 19
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9. 4.1 REPRESENTATION OF DATA TYPES
Constants
Constants are data values that cannot be change during the execution of a program.
Defined Constants
Use the preprocessor command define
Example
#define SALES_TAX_RATE 0.05
Memory Constants
Use a C type qualifier : const
Example:
Const float pi =
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4.2 OPERATORS
Most of C programs perform arithmetic calculations.
Better know operators to manipulate data.
The arithmetic operators are all binary operators.
For example, the expression
3 + 7 contains
the binary operator + and the operands 3 and 7.
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4.2 OPERATORS
Expression
is a sequence of operands and operators that reduces to a single value.
Operator
language-specific syntactical token that requires an action to be taken.
Operand
receives an operator’s action.
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12. INSPIRING CREATIVE AND INNOVATIVE MINDS
4.2 OPERATORS
The C arithmetic operators are summarized in table below:
Arithmetic
Operator
C Operation
C expression +
Addition
10 + 7 -
Subtraction
120 – 64 *
Multiplication
3 * 7 /
Division
66 / 6 %
Modulus
4 % 2
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4.2 OPERATORS
Division Operation
Two types:
Integer division
Floating-point division
Both types of division using / operator.
Integer Division
Both operands are integer values.
Operand can be constants or variables.
Examples:
8 / 2 sum / 3
98 / value sum / bil
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4.2 OPERATORS
After division operation ~ result must be integer.
Example
C expression
Output
64 / 8 8
12 / 5 2
23 / 3 7
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4.2 OPERATORS
Floating-point Division
One operand is floating-point values or both operands are floating-points.
After division operation ~ result must be floating point
C expression
Output
5 / 2.5
2.0
5.5 / 2.0
2.25
5.0 / 10
0.5
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4.2 OPERATORS
Modulus Operation
Special operation.
Output of this operation is the remainder after first operand is divided by second operand.
This operation can be done for integer operands only.
The result ~ must be an integer value.
Example
C expression
Output
5 % 3 2
7 % 2 1
12 % 2
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4.2 OPERATORS
Relational Operators
Relational operators ~ use to compare value from two expressions.
The result of using relational operators is always the observation of true or false
False (zero) and true (nonzero).
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18. X is greater than or equal to Y X is less than or equal to Y
4.2 OPERATORS
The relational operators are summarized in table below:
Relational
Operator
Example of c condition
Meaning of C Condition ==
X == Y
X is equal to Y !=
X != Y
X is not equal to Y
>
X > Y
X is greater than Y
<
X < Y
X is less than Y
>=
X >= Y
X is greater than or equal to Y
<=
X <= Y
X is less than or equal to Y
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19. Relational Expression
4.2 OPERATORS
The examples of relational expressions are as follow:
Relational Expression
Value
6 < 9 1
7 == 5
6 != 5
9 >= 5
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4.2 OPERATORS
Mantic Operators
Mantic operators ~ use to determine a decision from several cases (conditions) related.
The mantic operators expressions are shown in table below.
Mantic Operator
Meaning
&&
AND || OR !
NOT
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21. INSPIRING CREATIVE AND INNOVATIVE MINDS
4.2 OPERATORS
The examples of mantic operations are shown in table below: A B
A && B
A || B 1 A !A 1
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4.2 OPERATORS
Given A = 2, B = 5, C = 15, D = 17, answer questions below.
Question #1
(A >= 1) && (B == 5)
Question #2
(C >= (B * 3)) || (A == 3)
Question #3
! (C > A)
Question #4
! ((A < B) || (C > D))
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4.2 OPERATORS
Increment and Decrement Operators
C provides the unary increment operator, ++ and the unary decrement operator, --
These operators are summarized in table below.
Operator
Sample expression
Explanation ++
++a
Increment a by 1, then use the new value of a in the expression in which a resides.
a++
Use the current value of a in the expression in which a resides, then increment a by 1.
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4.2 OPERATORS
Operator
Sample expression
Explanation --
--b
Decrement b by 1, then use the new value of b in the expression in which b resides.
b--
Use the current value of b in the expression in which b resides, then decrement b by 1.
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4.2 OPERATORS
The increment and decrement expressions are summarized in table below:
Expression
Meaning
Statement
A++
A = A + 1
A += 1;
++A
A--
A = A - 1
A -= 1;
--A
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4.2 OPERATORS
Question #1
I = 5;
J = I++ - 2
Question #2
J = I –2;
I++
Question #3
I++;
J = I – 2;
Answer #1:
I = ?
J = ?
Answer #2:
I = ?
J = ?
Answer #3:
I = ?
J = ?
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27. INSPIRING CREATIVE AND INNOVATIVE MINDS
4.2 OPERATORS
CASE STUDY
Problem
Case study: Supermarket Coin Processor
(Refer page 99 from the main textbook)
This case study demonstrates the manipulation of type int data using / and % and type char data
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4.2 OPERATORS
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4.2 OPERATORS
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30. 4.3 ARITHMETIC EXPRESSIONS
C arithmetic expression is a combination one or more arithmetic expressions.
Examples
5 + 6
14 * 5 * 2
21 – * 4 / 2
7.5 * (2.0 – 4.52)
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31. 4.3 ARITHMETIC EXPRESSIONS
Level of Precedence
C evaluates arithmetic expressions in a precise sequence determined by rules of operator precedence.
Precedence of arithmetic expressions as shown in table below:
Operator(s)
Order of evaluation (Precedence) ()
Evaluated first.
*, /, %
Evaluated second. If they are several, they are evaluated left to right
+ or -
Evaluated last. If they are several, they are evaluated left to right
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32. 4.3 ARITHMETIC EXPRESSIONS
Example of C arithmetic expressions based on precedence evaluation
Example #2:
2 * 6 / 3
= 12 / 3
= 4
Example #1:
2 + 5 * 3 = =
Example #3:
(2 + 5) / 3
= 7 / 3 =
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33. 4.3 ARITHMETIC EXPRESSIONS
Comparison Between Algebraic Expression and C Arithmetic Expression
Algebraic Expressions
14 – 5 + 6
16 – 8 2
C Arithmetic Expressions
14 – 5 + 6
16 – 8 / 2
( ) / 2
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34. 4.3 ARITHMETIC EXPRESSIONS
The assignment expression
evaluates the operand on the right side of the operator (=)
The result places the expression values in the operand on the left of assignment operators
Examples
Average = ( ) / 3;
Salary = 16.5 * 30;
X = X + 1; Z = 5;
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35. 4.3 ARITHMETIC EXPRESSIONS
/* Example 1: simple assignment expression */
#include <stdio.h>
void main() {
float price = 12.50, discount = 0.05, payment; payment = price – (price * discount); printf(“Price is RM %.2f\n”, payment); }
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36. 4.3 ARITHMETIC EXPRESSIONS
/* Example 2: assignment expression ~ input from user */
#include <stdio.h>
void main() {
float price, discount, payment; printf(“The price of purchase: “); scanf(“%f”, &price); printf(“Rate of discount: “); scanf(“%f”, &discount);
payment = price – (price * discount); \
printf(“Price is RM %.2f\n”, payment); }
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37. 4.3 ARITHMETIC EXPRESSIONS
Double Assignment Expressions
Example:
a = b = c = 40;
This statement can be solved by:
a = b = (c = 40)
a = (b = (c = 40))
(a = (b = (c = 40)))
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38. 4.3 ARITHMETIC EXPRESSIONS
Compound Assignment Expressions
A compound assignment is a shorthand notation for a simple assignment.
Five compound assignment operators are discussed: *=, /=, %, and -=
Example
simple expression given as follows:
bil = bil + 5;
using compound assignment operator:
bil += 5;
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39. 4.3 ARITHMETIC EXPRESSIONS
The compound assignment operators are summarized in table below: Examples
compound
Operator
Compound Expression
Equivalent simple Expression +=
X += Y
X = X + Y -=
X -= Y
X = X – Y *=
X *= Y
X = X * Y /=
X /= Y
X = X / Y %=
X %= Y
X = X % Y
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40. 4.4 WRITING MATHEMATICAL FORMULA IN C
Example:
Mathematical Formula
C Expression
b2 – 4ac
b * b – 4 * a * c
a + b
c + d
(a + b) / (c + d) 1
1 + x2
1 / (1 + x * x)
a x –(b + c)
a * -(b + c)
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4.5 LIBRARY FUNCTIONS
C has no operator symbols meaning “square root”, “power” or “exponent”.
C provides program unit called functions to carry out these and other mathematical operations.
These functions also known as predefined functions.
Example:
y = sqrt(100);
Function result, 10, is assigned to y
z = pow(5, 2);
Function result, 25, is assigned to z
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4.5 LIBRARY FUNCTIONS
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43. INSPIRING CREATIVE AND INNOVATIVE MINDS
4.5 LIBRARY FUNCTIONS
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